Shelterin-Mediated Telomere Protection – ScienceOpen
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      Shelterin-Mediated Telomere Protection

      1
      Annual Review of Genetics
      Annual Reviews

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          Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications.

          Unlimited cellular proliferation depends on counteracting the telomere attrition that accompanies DNA replication. In human cancers this usually occurs through upregulation of telomerase activity, but in 10-15% of cancers - including some with particularly poor outcome - it is achieved through a mechanism known as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT, which is dependent on homologous recombination, is therefore an important target for cancer therapy. Although dissection of the mechanism or mechanisms of ALT has been challenging, recent advances have led to the identification of several genes that are required for ALT and the elucidation of the biological significance of some phenotypic markers of ALT. This has enabled development of a rapid assay of ALT activity levels and the construction of molecular models of ALT.
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            The MRE11 complex: starting from the ends.

            The maintenance of genome stability depends on the DNA damage response (DDR), which is a functional network comprising signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. The metabolism of DNA double-strand breaks governed by the DDR is important for preventing genomic alterations and sporadic cancers, and hereditary defects in this response cause debilitating human pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. The MRE11 complex, composed of the meiotic recombination 11 (MRE11), RAD50 and Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1; also known as nibrin) proteins is central to the DDR, and recent insights into its structure and function have been gained from in vitro structural analysis and studies of animal models in which the DDR response is deficient.
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              Acetylation Limits 53BP1 Association with Damaged Chromatin to Promote Homologous Recombination

              The pathogenic sequelae of BRCA1 mutation in human and mouse cells are mitigated by concomitant deletion of 53BP1, which binds histone H4 dimethylated at Lys20 (H4K20me2) to promote nonhomologous end-joining, suggesting a balance between BRCA1 and 53BP1 regulates DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanism choice. Here, we document that acetylation is a key determinant of this balance. TIP60 acetyltransferase deficiency reduced BRCA1 at DSB chromatin with commensurate increases in 53BP1, while HDAC inhibition yielded the opposite effect. TIP60 -dependent H4 acetylation diminished 53BP1 binding to H4K20me2 in part through disruption of a salt bridge between H4K16 and Glu1551 in the 53BP1 Tudor domain. Moreover, TIP60 deficiency impaired HR and conferred sensitivity to PARP inhibition in a 53BP1-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that acetylation in cis to H4K20me2 regulates relative BRCA1 and 53BP1 DSB chromatin occupancy to direct DNA repair mechanism.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Genetics
                Annu. Rev. Genet.
                Annual Reviews
                0066-4197
                1545-2948
                November 23 2018
                November 23 2018
                : 52
                : 1
                : 223-247
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA;
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-genet-032918-021921
                30208292
                248a940a-7cb9-43d0-981d-16e36c945460
                © 2018
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