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      Neumomediastino espontáneo de repetición secundario al síndrome de hiperémesis por cannabis Translated title: Spontaneuos pneumomediastinum secondary to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome

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          Abstract

          Resumen El síndrome de hiperémesis por cannabis (SHC) es poco conocido entre los clínicos y se caracteriza por dolor abdominal y vómitos cíclicos, tras un consumo intensivo de cannabis durante años, que no responde al tratamiento con antieméticos pero sí a las duchas de agua muy caliente. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 24 años, con antecedentes de consumo de cannabis desde los 14 años y un episodio de neumomediastino (NMD), etiquetado como idiopático, el mes anterior, que presentó asociación entre SHC y neumomediastino secundario a los intensos vómitos repetidos del SHC. Se le administró capsaicina tópica y 5 mg de haloperidol endovenoso, permaneciendo 48 h en la Unidad de Corta Estancia de Urgencias. Esta observación clínica aislada podría indicar la necesidad de descartar el SHC como causa de NMD en sujetos jóvenes y, de la misma manera, considerar la presencia de NMD en la exploración clínica de pacientes jóvenes con SHC o en pacientes con patologías en cuya etiología pueda influir el aumento de presión intratorácica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is little known amongst clinicians and is characterised by abdominal pain and cyclical vomiting, after intense consumption of cannabis over several years. It does not respond to treatment with antiemetics, but does respond to showers in very hot water. We present the case of a 24-year-old patient whose antecedents included cannabis consumption since the age of 14 and an episode of spontaneous idiopathic pneumomediastinum (PM) the previous month, which presented an association of CHS and secondary pneumomediastinum with the intense, repeated vomiting of the CHS. He was given topical capsaicin and 5 mg of intravenous haloperidol, and was kept for 48 hours in the Emergency Short Stay Unit. This isolated clinical observation appears to indicate the need to rule out CHS as the cause of PM in young patients and, similarly, to consider the presence of PM in the clinical exploration of young people with CHS and in patients with pathologies whose aetiology might be influenced by an increase in intrathoracic pressure.

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          Most cited references15

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          Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse.

          To explore the association between chronic cannabis abuse and a cyclical vomiting illness that presented in a series of cases in South Australia. Nineteen patients were identified with chronic cannabis abuse and a cyclical vomiting illness. For legal and ethical reasons, all patients were counselled to cease all cannabis abuse. Follow up was provided with serial urine drug screen analysis and regular clinical consultation to chart the clinical course. Of the 19 patients, five refused consent and were lost to follow up and five were excluded on the basis of confounders. The remaining nine cases are presented here and compared with a published case of psychogenic vomiting. In all cases, including the published case, chronic cannabis abuse predated the onset of the cyclical vomiting illness. Cessation of cannabis abuse led to cessation of the cyclical vomiting illness in seven cases. Three cases, including the published case, did not abstain and continued to have recurrent episodes of vomiting. Three cases rechallenged themselves after a period of abstinence and suffered a return to illness. Two of these cases abstained again, and became and remain well. The third case did not and remains ill. A novel finding was that nine of the 10 patients, including the previously published case, displayed an abnormal washing behaviour during episodes of active illness. We conclude that chronic cannabis abuse was the cause of the cyclical vomiting illness in all cases, including the previously described case of psychogenic vomiting.
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            Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients.

            To promote wider recognition and further understanding of cannabinoid hyperemesis (CH). We constructed a case series, the largest to date, of patients diagnosed with CH at our institution. Inclusion criteria were determined by reviewing all PubMed indexed journals with case reports and case series on CH. The institution's electronic medical record was searched from January 1, 2005, through June 15, 2010. Patients were included if there was a history of recurrent vomiting with no other explanation for symptoms and if cannabis use preceded symptom onset. Of 1571 patients identified, 98 patients (6%) met inclusion criteria. All 98 patients were younger than 50 years of age. Among the 37 patients in whom duration of cannabis use was available, most (25 [68%]) reported using cannabis for more than 2 years before symptom onset, and 71 of 75 patients (95%) in whom frequency of use was available used cannabis more than once weekly. Eighty-four patients (86%) reported abdominal pain. The effect of hot water bathing was documented in 57 patients (58%), and 52 (91%) of these patients reported relief of symptoms with hot showers or baths. Follow-up was available in only 10 patients (10%). Of those 10, 7 (70%) stopped using cannabis and 6 of these 7 (86%) noted complete resolution of their symptoms. Cannabinoid hyperemesis should be considered in younger patients with long-term cannabis use and recurrent nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. On the basis of our findings in this large series of patients, we propose major and supportive criteria for the diagnosis of CH. Copyright © 2012 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: clinical and natural history.

              To evaluate the clinical characteristics and natural history of patients presenting with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. A retrospective case series was conducted to identify patients diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. ICD-9 discharge codes were used for 1984 to 1990 at two institutions, and emergency department records of a third hospital were reviewed for 1981 to 1986. Clinical features, interventions, complications, setting, etiology, symptoms, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Three university tertiary care hospitals. All ED patients more than 12 years old with a diagnosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. None. Seventeen cases were identified. Age range was 15 to 41 years (mean, 25 years). Presenting symptoms were chest pain in eight (47%), dyspnea in three (18%), both symptoms in three (18%), and neither in three (18%). Three patients complained only of throat discomfort. Nine (52%) had a Hamman's crunch, 11 (65%) had subcutaneous emphysema, and two (11%) had a small pneumothorax. Five (29%) were smokers, and five (29%) had normal esophograms. Thirteen of 17 (76%) cases were associated with illicit inhalation drug use. Twelve cases (70%) had history of a "Valsalva-type" maneuver. All but three were admitted to a hospital, with a mean stay of 2.5 days (range, one to six). No patient suffered complications or required interventions for spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Specifically, no patient developed a subsequent pneumothorax or airway compromise. The three patients not admitted were followed up by telephone contact. All did well with rapid resolution of their symptoms. Most spontaneous pneumomediastinum cases occur in the setting of inhalational drug use. One hundred percent of patients will have a symptom directly related to the spontaneous pneumomediastinum, with 82% presenting with either dyspnea or chest pain. Most (88%) will present with either subcutaneous emphysema or a Hamman's crunch on examination. Simple spontaneous pneumomediastinum has a very benign course and does not require hospitalization. Serial radiographs, likewise, did not change the medical management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                August 2019
                : 42
                : 2
                : 227-230
                Affiliations
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Europea de Canarias orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Spain
                [1] orgnameHospital Universitario de Canarias orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias Spain
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de La Laguna Spain
                [2] orgnameRed de Estudio de Drogas en Urgencias Hospitalarias en España Spain
                Article
                S1137-66272019000200012 S1137-6627(19)04200200012
                10.23938/assn.0635
                24403d06-0c74-4b85-a0b2-d9be56108afc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 March 2019
                : 09 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Notas Clínicas

                Cannabis,Capsaicin,Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome,Neumomediastino,Capsaicina,Síndrome de hiperémesis por cannabis,Pneumomediastinum

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