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      SPDL-1 functions as a kinetochore receptor for MDF-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

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          Abstract

          The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures faithful chromosome segregation by delaying anaphase onset until all sister kinetochores are attached to bipolar spindles. An RNA interference screen for synthetic genetic interactors with a conserved SAC gene, san-1/MAD3, identified spdl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of Spindly. SPDL-1 protein localizes to the kinetochore from prometaphase to metaphase, and this depends on KNL-1, a highly conserved kinetochore protein, and CZW-1/ZW10, a component of the ROD–ZW10–ZWILCH complex. In two-cell–stage embryos harboring abnormal monopolar spindles, SPDL-1 is required to induce the SAC-dependent mitotic delay and localizes the SAC protein MDF-1/MAD1 to the kinetochore facing away from the spindle pole. In addition, SPDL-1 coimmunoprecipitates with MDF-1/MAD1 in vivo. These results suggest that SPDL-1 functions in a kinetochore receptor of MDF-1/MAD1 to induce SAC function.

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          Most cited references34

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          RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF CHOLINE INCORPORATION INTO PERIPHERAL NERVE MYELIN

          This radioautographic study was designed to localize the cytological sites involved in the incorporation of a lipid precursor into the myelin and the myelin-related cell of the peripheral nervous system. Both myelinating and fully myelinated cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia were exposed to a 30-min pulse of tritiated choline and either fixed immediately or allowed 6 or 48 hr of chase incubation before fixation. After Epon embedding, light and electron microscopic radioautograms were prepared with Ilford L-4 emulsion. Analysis of the pattern of choline incorporation into myelinating cultures indicated that radioactivity appeared all along the length of the internode, without there being a preferential site of initial incorporation. Light microscopic radioautograms of cultures at varying states of maturity were compared in order to determine the relative degree of myelin labeling. This analysis indicated that the myelin-Schwann cell unit in the fully myelinated cultures incorporated choline as actively as did this unit in the myelinating cultures. Because of technical difficulties, it was not possible to determine the precise localization of the incorporated radioactivity within the compact myelin. These data are related to recent biochemical studies indicating that the mature myelin of the central nervous system does incorporate a significant amount of lipid precursor under the appropriate experimental conditions. These observations support the concept that a significant amount of myelin-related metabolic activity occurs in mature tissue; this activity is considered part of an essential and continuous process of myelin maintenance and repair.
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            The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time.

            In eukaryotes, the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a ubiquitous safety device that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis. The SAC prevents chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy, and its dysfunction is implicated in tumorigenesis. Recent molecular analyses have begun to shed light on the complex interaction of the checkpoint proteins with kinetochores--structures that mediate the binding of spindle microtubules to chromosomes in mitosis. These studies are finally starting to reveal the mechanisms of checkpoint activation and silencing during mitotic progression.
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              Full-genome RNAi profiling of early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

              A key challenge of functional genomics today is to generate well-annotated data sets that can be interpreted across different platforms and technologies. Large-scale functional genomics data often fail to connect to standard experimental approaches of gene characterization in individual laboratories. Furthermore, a lack of universal annotation standards for phenotypic data sets makes it difficult to compare different screening approaches. Here we address this problem in a screen designed to identify all genes required for the first two rounds of cell division in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. We used RNA-mediated interference to target 98% of all genes predicted in the C. elegans genome in combination with differential interference contrast time-lapse microscopy. Through systematic annotation of the resulting movies, we developed a phenotypic profiling system, which shows high correlation with cellular processes and biochemical pathways, thus enabling us to predict new functions for previously uncharacterized genes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Cell Biol
                jcb
                The Journal of Cell Biology
                The Rockefeller University Press
                0021-9525
                1540-8140
                20 October 2008
                : 183
                : 2
                : 187-194
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
                [2 ]Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, [3 ]Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
                Author notes

                Correspondence to Risa Kitagawa: risa.kitagawa@ 123456stjude.org

                Article
                200805185
                10.1083/jcb.200805185
                2568016
                18936247
                236b53d5-b749-402e-8716-28e82b625d4f
                © 2008 Yamamoto et al.

                This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.jcb.org/misc/terms.shtml). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).

                History
                : 30 May 2008
                : 18 September 2008
                Categories
                Research Articles
                Report

                Cell biology
                Cell biology

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