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      Minimising the donor area morbidity of radial forearm phalloplasty using prefabricated thigh flap: A new technique

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          Abstract

          Phalloplasty is indicated in various conditions of penile loss or absence. There are numerous techniques for phalloplasty including the pedicle and free flaps with the ultimate goal of micturition in standing position, attaining adequate size, aesthesis and sensations for sexual intercourse. Radial forearm phalloplasty is the gold standard flap to achieve above results but gives a very bad scar on the forearm. We present a technique of using prefabricated thigh flap to reduce the morbidity of donor area. The descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral pedicle was placed in a subcutaneous plane over tissue expander. After attaining an adequate size of flap with tissue expansion, it was delayed 3 weeks before phalloplasty. Prefabricated flap was thin and of large size replicating the radial forearm flap used for phalloplasty. Whole forearm defect was covered with the thigh flap, and the thigh could be closed primarily. This new technique of using prefabricated thigh flap has significantly reduced the donor site morbidity both aesthetically and functionally without the use of skin grafting in the whole procedure.

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          Penile reconstruction: is the radial forearm flap really the standard technique?

          The ideal goals in penile reconstruction are well described, but the multitude of flaps used for phalloplasty only demonstrates that none of these techniques is considered ideal. Still, the radial forearm flap is the most frequently used flap and universally considered as the standard technique. In this article, the authors describe the largest series to date of 287 radial forearm phalloplasties performed by the same surgical team. Many different outcome parameters have been described separately in previously published articles, but the main purpose of this review is to critically evaluate to what degree this supposed standard technique has been able to meet the ideal goals in penile reconstruction. Outcome parameters such as number of procedures, complications, aesthetic outcome, tactile and erogenous sensation, voiding, donor-site morbidity, scrotoplasty, and sexual intercourse are assessed. In the absence of prospective randomized studies, it is not possible to prove whether the radial forearm flap truly is the standard technique in penile reconstruction. However, this large study demonstrates that the radial forearm phalloplasty is a very reliable technique for the creation, mostly in two stages, of a normal-appearing penis and scrotum, always allowing the patient to void while standing and in most cases also to experience sexual satisfaction. The relative disadvantages of this technique are the rather high number of initial fistulas, the residual scar on the forearm, and the potential long-term urologic complications. Despite the lack of actual data to support this statement, the authors feel strongly that a multidisciplinary approach with close cooperation between the reconstructive/plastic surgeon and the urologist is an absolute requisite for obtaining the best possible results.
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            Forearm flap in one-stage reconstruction of the penis.

            Seven cases of one-stage reconstructions of the penis with use of a free forearm flap have been successfully carried out with excellent cosmetic and functional results. Flap design and surgical techniques are described herein.
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              Gender reassignment surgery: an overview.

              Gender reassignment (which includes psychotherapy, hormonal therapy and surgery) has been demonstrated as the most effective treatment for patients affected by gender dysphoria (or gender identity disorder), in which patients do not recognize their gender (sexual identity) as matching their genetic and sexual characteristics. Gender reassignment surgery is a series of complex surgical procedures (genital and nongenital) performed for the treatment of gender dysphoria. Genital procedures performed for gender dysphoria, such as vaginoplasty, clitorolabioplasty, penectomy and orchidectomy in male-to-female transsexuals, and penile and scrotal reconstruction in female-to-male transsexuals, are the core procedures in gender reassignment surgery. Nongenital procedures, such as breast enlargement, mastectomy, facial feminization surgery, voice surgery, and other masculinization and feminization procedures complete the surgical treatment available. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health currently publishes and reviews guidelines and standards of care for patients affected by gender dysphoria, such as eligibility criteria for surgery. This article presents an overview of the genital and nongenital procedures available for both male-to-female and female-to-male gender reassignment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Indian J Plast Surg
                Indian J Plast Surg
                IJPS
                Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                0970-0358
                1998-376X
                Jan-Apr 2017
                : 50
                : 1
                : 91-95
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medanta - The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Hardeep Singh, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medanta - The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon - 122 001, Haryana, India. E-mail: drhardeepaulakh@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                IJPS-50-91
                10.4103/ijps.IJPS_158_16
                5469244
                234df409-58fe-40c2-b8b1-0024e3cbc6e5
                Copyright: © 2017 Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Categories
                Case Report

                Surgery
                donor site morbidity,phalloplasty,prefabricated flap
                Surgery
                donor site morbidity, phalloplasty, prefabricated flap

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