Percepção de racismo vivenciado por estudantes negros em cursos de Medicina no Brasil: uma revisão integrativa da literatura  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Perceptions of racism experienced by black students on medical courses in Brazil: an integrative literature review </span> <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Percepción del racismo vivido por estudiantes negros y negras en cursos de Medicina en Brasil: una revisión integradora de la literatura </span>

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Abstract

A Medicina permanece majoritariamente branca e elitizada, apesar das cotas universitárias. Esta revisão apresenta e discute a produção científica sobre o racismo vivenciado por estudantes de Medicina negros no Brasil. Foram consultadas as bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, US National Library of Medicine, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Centre, Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Google Acadêmico. Os 11 estudos incluídos são qualitativos e das Ciências Sociais e Humanas. A negação de racismo explícito – apesar dos relatos de discriminação, piadas sobre o cabelo, sensação de não pertencimento, exclusão e baixa representatividade no corpo docente e discente – evidencia a especificidade da construção do racismo no Brasil, que é pouco identificado, mesmo por parte daqueles que o vivenciam cotidianamente nos cursos de Medicina.

Translated abstract

Despite college quotas, medicine remains a predominantly white and elitist profession. This review discusses the literature on racism experienced by black medical students in Brazil. We searched the following databases: Virtual Health Library, US National Library of Medicine, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Centre, periodical portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of the Higher Education Personnel, and Google Scholar. The 11 studies included in the review are qualitative and from the field of social and human sciences. The evident denial of racism, despite reports of discrimination, jokes about hair, feelings of estrangement, exclusion, and low levels of representation among academic staff and students highlight the specificities of the construction of racism in Brazil. The latter tends to go unnoticed, even by those who experience it on a daily basis on medical courses.

Translated abstract

La Medicina permanece mayoritariamente blanca y de élite, a pesar de las cuotas universitarias. Esta revisión presenta y discute la producción científica sobre el racismo vivido por estudiantes de medicina negros y negras en Brasil. Se consultaron las bases de datos: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, US National Library of Medicine, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Centre, Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior y Google Acadêmico. Los 11 estudios incluidos son cualitativos y de las ciencias sociales y humanas. La negación de racismo explícito, a pesar de los relatos de discriminación, chistes sobre el pelo, sensación de no pertenencia, exclusión y baja representativad en el cuerpo docente y discente ponen en evidencia la especificidad de la construcción del racismo en Brasil que es poco identificado, incluso por parte de quienes lo viven cotidianamente en los cursos de Medicina.

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The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination.

Robert M Sellers, J Shelton (2003)

This study examined the role that dimensions of racial identity play regarding the antecedents and consequences of perceived racial discrimination among African Americans. A total of 267 African American college students completed measures of racial identity, perceived racial discrimination, and psychological distress at 2 time points. After controlling for previous perceptions of discrimination, racial centrality was positively associated with subsequent perceived racial discrimination. Additionally, perceived discrimination was positively associated with subsequent event-specific and global psychological distress after accounting for previous perceptions of discrimination and distress. Finally, racial ideology and public regard beliefs moderated the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and subsequent distress. The results illustrate the complex role racial identity plays in the lives of African Americans.

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Confronting Institutionalized Racism

Camara Jones (2002)

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Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report

Michelle van Ryn, Rachel R Hardeman, Sean Phelan … (2015)

BACKGROUND Physician implicit (unconscious, automatic) bias has been shown to contribute to racial disparities in medical care. The impact of medical education on implicit racial bias is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between change in student implicit racial bias towards African Americans and student reports on their experiences with 1) formal curricula related to disparities in health and health care, cultural competence, and/or minority health; 2) informal curricula including racial climate and role model behavior; and 3) the amount and favorability of interracial contact during school. DESIGN Prospective observational study involving Web-based questionnaires administered during first (2010) and last (2014) semesters of medical school. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3547 students from a stratified random sample of 49 U.S. medical schools. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S) Change in implicit racial attitudes as assessed by the Black-White Implicit Association Test administered during the first semester and again during the last semester of medical school. KEY RESULTS In multivariable modeling, having completed the Black-White Implicit Association Test during medical school remained a statistically significant predictor of decreased implicit racial bias (−5.34, p ≤ 0.001: mixed effects regression with random intercept across schools). Students' self-assessed skills regarding providing care to African American patients had a borderline association with decreased implicit racial bias (−2.18, p = 0.056). Having heard negative comments from attending physicians or residents about African American patients (3.17, p = 0.026) and having had unfavorable vs. very favorable contact with African American physicians (18.79, p = 0.003) were statistically significant predictors of increased implicit racial bias. CONCLUSIONS Medical school experiences in all three domains were independently associated with change in student implicit racial attitudes. These findings are notable given that even small differences in implicit racial attitudes have been shown to affect behavior and that implicit attitudes are developed over a long period of repeated exposure and are difficult to change.