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      Isolation, Structural Characterization and Antidiabetic Activity of New Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. 16-5c

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          Abstract

          Six new DIKETOPIPERAZINE alkaloids aspergiamides A–F ( 1– 6), together with ten known alkaloids ( 7– 16), were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. 16-5c. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic and HR-ESIMS data analyses. The absolute configurations of aspergiamides A-F were established based on the experimental and calculated ECD data. All the compounds were evaluated for the antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase and PTP1B enzyme. The bioassay results disclosed compounds 1 and 9 exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory with IC 50 values of 18.2 and 7.6 μM, respectively; compounds 3, 10, 11, and 15 exhibited moderate α-glucosidase inhibition with IC 50 values ranging from 40.7 to 83.9 μM; while no compounds showed obvious PTP1B enzyme inhibition activity.

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          The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives.

          Lei Chen, Dianna Magliano, Paul Zimmet (2011)
          Over the past three decades, the number of people with diabetes mellitus has more than doubled globally, making it one of the most important public health challenges to all nations. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes are increasingly observed among children, adolescents and younger adults. The causes of the epidemic of T2DM are embedded in a very complex group of genetic and epigenetic systems interacting within an equally complex societal framework that determines behavior and environmental influences. This complexity is reflected in the diverse topics discussed in this Review. In the past few years considerable emphasis has been placed on the effect of the intrauterine environment in the epidemic of T2DM, particularly in the early onset of T2DM and obesity. Prevention of T2DM is a 'whole-of-life' task and requires an integrated approach operating from the origin of the disease. Future research is necessary to better understand the potential role of remaining factors, such as genetic predisposition and maternal environment, to help shape prevention programs. The potential effect on global diabetes surveillance of using HbA(1c) rather than glucose values in the diagnosis of T2DM is also discussed.
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            Increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance in mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene.

            M Elchebly, P Payette, E Michaliszyn … (1999)
            Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) has been implicated in the negative regulation of insulin signaling. Disruption of the mouse homolog of the gene encoding PTP-1B yielded healthy mice that, in the fed state, had blood glucose concentrations that were slightly lower and concentrations of circulating insulin that were one-half those of their PTP-1B+/+ littermates. The enhanced insulin sensitivity of the PTP-1B-/- mice was also evident in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The PTP-1B-/- mice showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in liver and muscle tissue after insulin injection in comparison to PTP-1B+/+ mice. On a high-fat diet, the PTP-1B-/- and PTP-1B+/- mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive, whereas the PTP-1B+/+ mice rapidly gained weight and became insulin resistant. These results demonstrate that PTP-1B has a major role in modulating both insulin sensitivity and fuel metabolism, thereby establishing it as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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              Diketopiperazines: biological activity and synthesis

              Maristela Martins, Ivone Carvalho (2007)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bin Wu: Role: Academic Editor
                Ikuro Abe: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs
                Title: Marine Drugs
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 402
                Affiliations
                Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; yegeting@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (G.Y.); huangcuiying@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (C.H.); jialinli@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (J.L.); ct2020@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (T.C.); tangjing2020@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (J.T.); liuwenbin@ 123456m.scnu.edu.cn (W.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: longyh@ 123456scnu.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: marinedrugs-19-00402
                DOI: 10.3390/md19070402
                PMC ID: 8304462
                PubMed ID: 34356827
                SO-VID: 230ade90-fbe5-42b1-b20f-4bac7d86411d
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 July 2021
                Date accepted : 19 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: diketopiperazine alkaloids,mangrove fungi,antidiabetic activity,α-glucosidase inhibition,ptp1b inhibition
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: diketopiperazine alkaloids, mangrove fungi, antidiabetic activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, ptp1b inhibition

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