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      Entomofauna asociada a cultivos hortícolas orgánicos y convencionales en Córdoba, Argentina Translated title: Entomofauna associated to horticultural crops under organic and conventional practices in Córdoba, Argentina

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          Abstract

          Las prácticas de laboreo y las sustancias químicas sintéticas agregadas en los agroecosistemas convencionales perjudican principalmente a los enemigos naturales de los insectos fitófagos, disminuyendo la regulación de los insectos plaga. En la agricultura orgánica, en cambio, se favorecen los procesos biológicos y el cuidado del ambiente, por lo que se predice en este tipo de sistema un aumento de la biodiversidad. En este trabajo se compararon los niveles de abundancia y riqueza de insectos y la proporción de grupos funcionales realizando un único muestreo cuantitativo en tres campos de cultivo con prácticas de manejo orgánicas y tres convencionales. Mediante conteo visual de insectos en los cultivos se observó que la riqueza de especies, total y por gremio (fitófagos-entomófagos), fue significativamente mayor en huertas orgánicas, así como la abundancia de entomófagos. Igualmente, la riqueza y abundancia para los distintos órdenes (excepto abundancia de Homoptera) fue superior en huertas bajo manejo orgánico, con diferencias significativas en la riqueza de Coleoptera y en la riqueza y abundancia de Hymenoptera. Tendencias similares se observaron en datos obtenidos mediante red de arrastre en malezas. Estos resultados sugieren que la práctica de manejo orgánica incrementa la diversidad de especies, particularmente la de enemigos naturales.

          Translated abstract

          Farming practices and the addition of chemical synthetic substances in conventional agroecosystems are detrimental mainly to natural enemies of phytophagous insects, diminishing the natural regulation of pest insects. On the other hand, in organic agriculture, biological processes and care of the environment are favoured, hence an increase in insect biodiversity is predicted in this type of systems. In this work, abundance, richness of insects and proportion of functional groups were compared through a single quantitative sampling of insects in horticultural crop fields, three under organic and three under conventional management practices. Insect species richness, total and for guilds (phytophagous and entomophagous insects) were significantly higher in organic orchards, and also was the abundance of entomophagous insects. Richness and abundance of all insect orders (with exception of Homoptera abundance), were higher in orchards under organic management, being significative the differences for richness of Coleoptera and richness and abundance of Hymenoptera. Similar tendencies were observed in data obtained through sweep net in weeds. These results suggest that organic practices increase the diversity of species, particularly that of natural enemies.

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          Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture.

          Many agroecosystems are unfavorable environments for natural enemies due to high levels of disturbance. Habitat management, a form of conservation biological control, is an ecologically based approach aimed at favoring natural enemies and enhancing biological control in agricultural systems. The goal of habitat management is to create a suitable ecological infrastructure within the agricultural landscape to provide resources such as food for adult natural enemies, alternative prey or hosts, and shelter from adverse conditions. These resources must be integrated into the landscape in a way that is spatially and temporally favorable to natural enemies and practical for producers to implement. The rapidly expanding literature on habitat management is reviewed with attention to practices for favoring predators and parasitoids, implementation of habitat management, and the contributions of modeling and ecological theory to this developing area of conservation biological control. The potential to integrate the goals of habitat management for natural enemies and nature conservation is discussed.
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            Ecological Methodology

            Ecological Methodology, Second Edition provides a balance of material on animal and plant populations, and teaches students of ecology how to design efficient tests in order to obtain maximum precision with minimal work.
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              Agri-environment schemes do not effectively protect biodiversity in Dutch agricultural landscapes.

              Roughly 20% of the European Union's farmland is under some form of agri-environment scheme to counteract the negative impacts of modern agriculture on the environment. The associated costs represent about 4% (1.7 billion euros) of the European Union's total expenditure on the Common Agricultural Policy and are expected to rise to 10% in the near future. Although agri-environment schemes have been implemented in various countries for well over a decade, to date no reliable, sufficiently replicated studies have been performed to test whether such measures have the presumed positive effects on biodiversity. Here we present the results of a study evaluating the contribution of agri-environment schemes to the protection of biodiversity in intensively used Dutch agricultural landscapes. We surveyed plants, birds, hover flies and bees on 78 paired fields that either had agri-environment schemes in the form of management agreements or were managed conventionally. Management agreements were not effective in protecting the species richness of the investigated species groups: no positive effects on plant and bird species diversity were found. The four most common wader species were observed even less frequently on fields with management agreements. By contrast, hover flies and bees showed modest increases in species richness on fields with management agreements. Our results indicate that there is a pressing need for a scientifically sound evaluation of agri-environment schemes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ne
                Neotropical Entomology
                Neotrop. entomol.
                Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil (Londrina, PR, Brazil )
                1519-566X
                1678-8052
                October 2007
                : 36
                : 5
                : 765-773
                Affiliations
                [01] Córdoba orgnameUniv. Nacional de Córdoba orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales orgdiv2Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba Argentina
                Article
                S1519-566X2007000500019 S1519-566X(07)03600519
                22d4516a-509e-431e-8ba5-b601d08ed3d3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 April 2007
                : 28 August 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                insecto,manejo,Agroecosystem,organic agriculture,insect,natural enemy,management,Agroecosistema,agricultura orgánica,enemigo natural

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