Gene Therapy in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease.

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Abstract

Sickle cell disease results from a homozygous missense mutation in the β-globin gene that causes polymerization of hemoglobin S. Gene therapy for patients with this disorder is complicated by the complex cellular abnormalities and challenges in achieving effective, persistent inhibition of polymerization of hemoglobin S. We describe our first patient treated with lentiviral vector-mediated addition of an antisickling β-globin gene into autologous hematopoietic stem cells. Adverse events were consistent with busulfan conditioning. Fifteen months after treatment, the level of therapeutic antisickling β-globin remained high (approximately 50% of β-like-globin chains) without recurrence of sickle crises and with correction of the biologic hallmarks of the disease. (Funded by Bluebird Bio and others; HGB-205 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02151526 .).

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The genotoxic potential of retroviral vectors is strongly modulated by vector design and integration site selection in a mouse model of HSC gene therapy.

Marco Ranzani, Lucia Sergi Sergi, Christof von Kalle … (2009)

gamma-Retroviral vectors (gammaRVs), which are commonly used in gene therapy, can trigger oncogenesis by insertional mutagenesis. Here, we have dissected the contribution of vector design and viral integration site selection (ISS) to oncogenesis using an in vivo genotoxicity assay based on transplantation of vector-transduced tumor-prone mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. By swapping genetic elements between gammaRV and lentiviral vectors (LVs), we have demonstrated that transcriptionally active long terminal repeats (LTRs) are major determinants of genotoxicity even when reconstituted in LVs and that self-inactivating (SIN) LTRs enhance the safety of gammaRVs. By comparing the genotoxicity of vectors with matched active LTRs, we were able to determine that substantially greater LV integration loads are required to approach the same oncogenic risk as gammaRVs. This difference in facilitating oncogenesis is likely to be explained by the observed preferential targeting of cancer genes by gammaRVs. This integration-site bias was intrinsic to gammaRVs, as it was also observed for SIN gammaRVs that lacked genotoxicity in our model. Our findings strongly support the use of SIN viral vector platforms and show that ISS can substantially modulate genotoxicity.

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Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators

Bernadette Modell, Matthew Darlison (2008)

To demonstrate a method for using genetic epidemiological data to assess the needs for equitable and cost-effective services for the treatment and prevention of haemoglobin disorders. We obtained data on demographics and prevalence of gene variants responsible for haemoglobin disorders from online databases, reference resources, and published articles. A global epidemiological database for haemoglobin disorders by country was established, including five practical service indicators to express the needs for care (indicator 1) and prevention (indicators 2-5). Haemoglobin disorders present a significant health problem in 71% of 229 countries, and these 71% of countries include 89% of all births worldwide. Over 330 000 affected infants are born annually (83% sickle cell disorders, 17% thalassaemias). Haemoglobin disorders account for about 3.4% of deaths in children less than 5 years of age. Globally, around 7% of pregnant women carry b or a zero thalassaemia, or haemoglobin S, C, D Punjab or E, and over 1% of couples are at risk. Carriers and at-risk couples should be informed of their risk and the options for reducing it. Screening for haemoglobin disorders should form part of basic health services in most countries.

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Long-term results of related myeloablative stem-cell transplantation to cure sickle cell disease.

Françoise Bernaudin, Gérard Socie, Mathieu Kuentz … (2007)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD); nevertheless, its use has been limited by the risk of transplantation-related mortality (TRM). Between November 1988 and December 2004, 87 consecutive patients with severe SCD ranging from 2 to 22 years of age received transplants in France. Cerebral vasculopathy was the principal indication for transplantation (55 patients). All the patients received grafts from a sibling donor after a myeloablative conditioning regimen (CR). The only change in the CR during the study period was the introduction of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in March 1992. The rejection rate was 22.6% before the use of ATG but 3% thereafter. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 2.0 to 17.9 years), the overall and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 93.1% and 86.1%, respectively. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) was the main cause of TRM. Importantly, cord blood transplant recipients did not develop GVHD. No new ischemic lesions were detected after engraftment, and cerebral velocities were significantly reduced. The outcome improved significantly with time: the EFS rate among the 44 patients receiving transplants after January 2000 was 95.3%. These results indicate that HLA-identical sibling HSCT after myeloablative conditioning with ATG should be considered as a standard of care for SCD children who are at high risk for stroke.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): N. Engl. J. Med.

Title: The New England journal of medicine

Publisher: New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS)

ISSN (Electronic): 1533-4406

ISSN (Print): 0028-4793

Publication date (Electronic): March 02 2017

Volume: 376

Issue: 9

Affiliations

[1 ] From the Departments of Biotherapy (J.-A.R., A.M., E.M., L.C., M.C.), Clinical Pharmacy (P. Bourget), Pediatric Neuroradiology (D.G.), General Pediatrics (M.M.), and Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (B.N., S.B.), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM (J.-A.R., A.M., E.M., L.C., L.W., M.C.), Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8258, INSERM Unité 1022, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Chimie ParisTech (S.H.-B.-A.), Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (S.H.-B.-A.), the Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University (M.S., B.N., L.W., M.C.), Mère-Enfant Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Necker Cochin (M.S.), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, INSERM Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Unité Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex (W.E.N.), and Laboratoires de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin (J.-F.M.), Paris, Atomic and Alternative Energy Commission, Université Paris-Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses (E.P., Y.B., S.C., P.L.), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe 2, Centre de Référence des Syndromes Drépanocytaires Majeurs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Créteil (P. Bartolucci), and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, INSERM Unité 1149, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Colombes (H.P., T.L.) - all in France; Bluebird Bio, Cambridge (R.W.R., O.N., G.V., L.S., S.S.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (P.L.) - both in Massachusetts; and Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (P.L.).

Article

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1609677

PubMed ID: 28249145

SO-VID: 22488ebf-5978-48ac-8cc5-d86251e4b249

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