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      Deeterminación del dimorfismo sexual en la forma corporal de Chiasognathus grantii (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Translated title: Sexual dimorphism in body shape of Chiasognathus grantii (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

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          Abstract

          Chiasognathus grantii, especie endémica de los bosques templados de Chile y Argentina, presenta un marcado dimorfismo sexual representado por la forma y tamaño de las mandíbulas, además de la forma del pronoto y del último segmento abdominal. Para esta especie, se han registrado además, diferencias en el tamaño de los individuos a lo largo de su distribución en Chile y parte de Argentina; ésto ha servido como evidencia para que algunos autores consideren el nombre pygmaeus', sin que esta variación haya sido evaluada cuantitativamente desde el punto de vista genético o morfológico. Este estudio evaluó cuantitativamente la variación de la forma de C. grantii según su distribución geográfica y dimorfismo sexual. Se analizaron morfométricamente 283 individuos para determinar variaciones atribuidas exclusivamente a la forma corporal, mediante registro fotográfico del área ventral de los insectos. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas interpoblacionales para la componente simétrica de la forma (variación individual) entre sexos, expresada principalmente en una expansión del tercer segmento abdominal en hembras y su retracción en machos. Sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia para diferenciar subespecies. Se discute si estas diferencias interpoblacionales son atribuidas sólo al dimorfismo sexual o pueden corresponder además, a presiones selectivas debido a competencia intrasexual por recursos alimenticios o debido a variaciones ambientales durante el desarrollo ontogenético.

          Translated abstract

          Chiasognathus grantii, endemic species of temperate forests in Chile and Argentina, has a pronounced sexual dimorphism observed in the jaw shape and size, besides the shape of the pronotum and the last abdominal segment. Also, differences in the size of individuals have also been recorded for this species throughout its distribution in Chile and part of Argentina; this has been used as evidence for some authors to consider the name pygmaeus', although this variety has not been quantitatively assessed from the genetic or morphologic point of view. Shape variation of C. grantii was quantitatively assessed according to its geographic distribution and sexual dimorphism. A morphometric analysis was conducted on 283 individuals to determine variations exclusively attributed to body shape by means of a photographic record of the ventral area in the insect. There were significant interpopulation differences for the symmetric component of body shape (individual variation) between sex, mainly expressed as an expansion of the third abdomen segment in females and its contraction in males. However, there is not enough statistical evidence to differentiate subspecies. There is a discussion about these interpopulation differences, if they are attributed only to sexual dimorphism or if they may also be a response to selective stress due to intrasexual competition for feed resources or due to environmental variations during the ontogenetic development.

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          Most cited references63

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          MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics.

          Increasingly, data on shape are analysed in combination with molecular genetic or ecological information, so that tools for geometric morphometric analysis are required. Morphometric studies most often use the arrangements of morphological landmarks as the data source and extract shape information from them by Procrustes superimposition. The MorphoJ software combines this approach with a wide range of methods for shape analysis in different biological contexts. The program offers an integrated and user-friendly environment for standard multivariate analyses such as principal components, discriminant analysis and multivariate regression as well as specialized applications including phylogenetics, quantitative genetics and analyses of modularity in shape data. MorphoJ is written in Java and versions for the Windows, Macintosh and Unix/Linux platforms are freely available from http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ_page.htm. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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            Extensions of the Procrustes Method for the Optimal Superimposition of Landmarks

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              Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry.

              Morphometric studies often consider parts with internal left-right symmetry, for instance, the vertebrate skull. This type of symmetry is called object symmetry and is distinguished from matching symmetry, in which two separate structures exist as mirror images of each other, one on each body side. We explain a method for partitioning the total shape variation of landmark configurations with object symmetry into components of symmetric variation among individuals and asymmetry. This method is based on the Procrustes superimposition of the original and a reflected copy of each landmark configuration and is compatible with the two-factor ANOVA model customary in studies of fluctuating asymmetry. We show a fully multivariate framework for testing the effects in the two-factor model with MANOVA statistics, which also applies to shapes with matching symmetry. We apply the new methods in a small case study of pharyngeal jaws of the Neotropical cichlid fish Amphilophus citrinellus. The analysis revealed that the symmetric component of variation in the pharyngeal jaws is dominated by the contrast between two alternative trophic morphs in this species and that there is subtle but statistically significant directional asymmetry. Finally, we provide some general recommendations for morphometric studies of symmetric shapes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcen
                Revista Colombiana de Entomología
                Rev. Colomb. Entomol.
                Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0120-0488
                2665-4385
                June 2014
                : 40
                : 1
                : 104-110
                Affiliations
                [03] Concepción orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Chile
                [02] Arica orgnameUniversity of Manchester orgdiv1Michael Smith Building Chile
                [01] Wellington orgnameVictoria University of Wellington orgdiv1candidate at School of Biological Sciences New Zealand olivia.vergara@ 123456vuw.ac.nz
                [04] Concepción orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Chile
                Article
                S0120-04882014000100018 S0120-0488(14)04000118
                21df2d04-3355-4720-b0ff-c460ef759a0b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 June 2014
                : 16 February 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Sección Básica

                Geometric morphometrics,Temperate forest,Chile,Bosque templado,Morfometría geométrica

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