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      Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma Translated title: La resiliencia como mediador en la relación entre Estrés Postraumático y Crecimiento Postraumático entre víctimas adultas de accidentes o de crimen: El efecto mediador moderado del trauma infantil Translated title: 韧性在成人事故或犯罪受害者的创伤后应激与创伤后成长之间的中介作用:童年创伤的带调节的中介作用

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Results on the association between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are inconsistent, and there may be unknown factors mediating or moderating this relationship. Identifying these factors could help in developing an intervention strategy for promoting PTG. However, few studies have examined relationships among PTSS, resilience, and PTG concurrently, and no study has investigated the effect of childhood trauma on these relationships in adulthood.

          Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma on resilience and its associations with PTSS and PTG in adult victims of traumatic accidents or crimes. We hypothesized that resilience would mediate relationships between PTSS and PTG and that its mediating effects would differ depending on childhood trauma.

          Methods: We included adult victims of accidents or crimes referred to a university hospital or specialized support centre (n = 143). PTSS, resilience, childhood trauma, and PTG were measured with the following questionnaires: PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, and the Short Form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, respectively.

          Results: The effect of PTSS on PTG was found to be fully mediated by resilience, and this mediating effect was moderated according to childhood trauma: the more childhood traumatic experiences, the greater the mediating effect of resilience was between PTSS and PTG. The effect of resilience on PTG was highest in the high childhood trauma group.

          Conclusion: Therapists treating individuals with psychological trauma should attempt to identify a history of childhood trauma and to evaluate resilience. Therapeutic approaches tailored according thereto may improve PTG among individuals with PTSS symptoms, especially those with high levels of childhood trauma.

          Antecedentes: Los resultados en la asociación entre síntomas de estrés postraumático (PTSS por sus siglas en inglés) y crecimiento postraumático (PTG por sus siglas en inglés) son inconsistentes, y pueden haber factores desconocidos mediando o moderando esta relación. Identificar estos factores pudiese ayudar en desarrollar una estrategia de intervención para promover el PTG. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han examinado las relaciones entre PTSS, resiliencia y PTG simultáneamente, y ningún estudio ha investigado el efecto del trauma infantil sobre estas relaciones en la adultez.

          Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los efectos moderados mediadores del trauma infantil en la resiliencia y su asociación con PTSS y PTG en víctimas adultas de crimen o de accidentes traumáticos. Hipotetizamos que la resiliencia mediaría las relaciones entre PTSS y PTG y que sus efectos mediadores serían diferentes dependiendo del trauma infantil.

          Métodos: Incluimos en este estudio a víctimas adultas de accidentes o crímenes que fueron referidas a un hospital universitario o a un centro de apoyo especializado (n=143). PTSS, resiliencia, trauma infantil y PTG fueron medidos con los siguientes cuestionarios: lista de chequeo de TEPT para DSM-5, Escala de resiliencia Connor-Davidson, Cuestionario de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia y la Forma Abreviada del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático, respectivamente.

          Resultados: Se encontró que los efectos de los PTSS en el PTG fueron completamente mediados por la resiliencia, y que este efecto mediador fue moderado de acuerdo al trauma infantil: a mayor cantidad de experiencias traumáticas en la infancia, mayor fue el efecto mediador de la resiliencia entre los PTSS y el PTG. El efecto de la resiliencia en el PTG fue mayor en el grupo con más trauma infantil.

          Conclusión: Los terapeutas que tratan a individuos con trauma psicológico deberían tratar de identificar antecedentes de trauma infantil y evaluar la resiliencia. Los enfoques terapéuticos diseñados para ello podrían mejorar el PTG entre individuos con PTSS, especialmente aquellos con alto nivel de trauma infantil.

          背景:创伤后应激症状 (PTSS) 和创伤后生长 (PTG) 之间的关联结果不一致, 可能存在未知因素中介或调节这种关系。识别这些因素可能有助于制定促进对PTG的干预策略。但是, 很少有研究同时检查PTSS, 韧性和PTG之间的关系, 没有研究调查儿童期创伤对成年后这些关系的影响。

          目的:本研究的目的是探讨童年创伤对韧性的带调节的中介作用, 及其和成年事故或犯罪受害者的PTSS和PTG的关系。我们假设, 复原力会中介PTSS和PTG之间的关系, 其中介效果会因童年创伤而有所不同。

          方法:在这项研究中, 我们纳入了转诊到大学医院或专业支持中心的事故或犯罪的成年受害者 (n = 143) 。 PTSS, 韧性, 童年创伤和PTG分别通过以下问卷进行了测量:DSM-5 PTSD症状清单, Connor-Davidson韧性量表, 负性童年经历问卷和创伤后成长量表简版。

          结果:PTSS对PTG的作用完全由韧性中介, 而这种中介作用是由童年创伤来调节的:童年创伤经历越多, PTSS和PTG之间的韧性中介作用越大。在高童年创伤暴露组中, 韧性对PTG的影响最高。

          结论:治疗心理创伤患者的治疗师应尝试确定儿童创伤史, 并评估其韧性程度。根据其量身定制的治疗方法可以促进具有PTS症状的个体 (尤其是童年创伤暴露水平高的个体) 的PTG。

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          Most cited references21

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            An Index and Test of Linear Moderated Mediation.

            I describe a test of linear moderated mediation in path analysis based on an interval estimate of the parameter of a function linking the indirect effect to values of a moderator-a parameter that I call the index of moderated mediation. This test can be used for models that integrate moderation and mediation in which the relationship between the indirect effect and the moderator is estimated as linear, including many of the models described by Edwards and Lambert ( 2007 ) and Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes ( 2007 ) as well as extensions of these models to processes involving multiple mediators operating in parallel or in serial. Generalization of the method to latent variable models is straightforward. Three empirical examples describe the computation of the index and the test, and its implementation is illustrated using Mplus and the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.
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              Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys.

              Clinical research suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exposed to multiple traumatic events (TEs) rather than a single TE have increased morbidity and dysfunction. Although epidemiological surveys in the United States and Europe also document high rates of multiple TE exposure, no population-based cross-national data have examined this issue. Data were analyzed from 20 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative (n = 51,295 aged 18+). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (3.0) assessed 12-month PTSD and other common DSM-IV disorders. Respondents with 12-month PTSD were assessed for single versus multiple TEs implicated in their symptoms. Associations were examined with age of onset (AOO), functional impairment, comorbidity, and PTSD symptom counts. 19.8% of respondents with 12-month PTSD reported that their symptoms were associated with multiple TEs. Cases who associated their PTSD with four or more TEs had greater functional impairment, an earlier AOO, longer duration, higher comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders, elevated hyperarousal symptoms, higher proportional exposures to partner physical abuse and other types of physical assault, and lower proportional exposure to unexpected death of a loved one than cases with fewer associated TEs. A risk threshold was observed in this large-scale cross-national database wherein cases who associated their PTSD with four or more TEs presented a more "complex" clinical picture with substantially greater functional impairment and greater morbidity than other cases of PTSD. PTSD cases associated with four or more TEs may merit specific and targeted intervention strategies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2020
                9 January 2020
                : 11
                : 1
                : 1704563
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon, Republic of Korea
                [b ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, National Cancer Center , Goyang, Republic of Korea
                [c ]Maumtodac Psychiatric Clinic , Ansan, Republic of Korea
                [d ]Suwon Smile Center for Criminal Victims , Suwon, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                CONTACT Nam Hee Kim nadianam@ 123456gmail.com Maumtodac Psychiatric Clinic , 174 Gwangdeok-daero, Danwon-gu, Ansan 15470, Republic of Korea
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-9862
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-0613
                Article
                1704563
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1704563
                6968590
                32002138
                21a82e27-7790-4362-ad9c-53d18ecd4648
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 August 2019
                : 04 December 2019
                : 05 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, References: 38, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: National Center for Mental Health, Republic of Korea
                Award ID: Clinical Research Grant (2018-3)
                This study was supported by a clinical research grant (2018-3) from the National Center for Mental Health, Republic of Korea. The funding source had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                posttraumatic stress,resilience,posttraumatic growth,childhood trauma,estrés postraumático,resiliencia,crecimiento postraumático,trauma infantil,创伤后应激,韧性,创伤后成长,童年创伤,• the effect of ptss on ptg was fully mediated by resilience, and this mediating effect was moderated according to childhood trauma in adult accident or crime victims. • the more childhood trauma, the greater the mediating effect of resilience was between ptss and ptg.

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