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      Neutralization of bitis parviocula (Ethiopian mountain adder) venom by the south african institute of medical research (SAIMR) antivenom Translated title: Neutralização do veneno de Bitis parviocula (serpente da Montanha da Etiópia) pelo antiveneno do Instituto Africano de Pesquisa Médica (SAIMR)

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND: The Ethiopian mountain adder (Bitis parviocula) is a viperid known only from a few locations in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS: a total of 30 µg of B. arietans and B. parviocula venoms were run on a 10-20% Tricine gel. To assay lethality dose fifty (LD50), five groups of eight mice for each venom were used. Hemorrhagic activity for crude venom was tested. Fibrinogenolytic activity of crude venom was measured using (2.5 mg/mL) of fibrinogen solution and (0.03 mg/mL) of crude venom. Gelatinase activity of the venom was tested on a Kodak X-OMAT TM film. Crude venoms of B. parviocula and B. arietans were tested for their abilities to affect clotting time, clotting rate and platelet function on whole human blood. RESULTS: The (SAIMR) antivenom was confirmed in this study to neutralize the lethal activity of venom from Bitis parviocula. The ED50s of SAIMR antivenom on B. parviocula and B. arietans neutralized half of 18.2 and 66.7 mg of venom, respectively. The hemorrhagic activities (MHDs) of B. parviocula and B. arietans were 0.88 and 1.7 µg, respectively. Bitis arietans and B. parviocula venoms degradated α and β chains at different times. The γ chains remained unaffected. Bitis parviocula venom did not exhibit gelatinase activity, while B. arietans had a MGD of 6.9 µg. At 3 mg/mL, the crude venoms of B. parviocula and B. arietans did not significantly affect clotting time or clotting rate. CONCLUSIONS: The SAIMR antivenom is very effective in neutralizing the venom of B. parviocula and should be considered in treating envenomations by these snakes.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: Serpente das Montanhas da Etiópia (Bitis parviocula) é um viperídeo conhecido somente em poucas localizações do sudoeste da Etiópia. MÉTODOS: Um total de 30 µg de veneno de B. arietans e B. parviocula foram corridos em gel de 10 a 20% de tricina. Para se estabelecer a quinquagésima dose de letalidade (LD50) foram usados cinco grupos de oito camundongos para cada veneno. A atividade hemorrágica para o veneno cru foi testada. A atividade fibrogenolítica do veneno cru foi medida usando 2,5 mg/mL de solução de fibrinogênio e 0,03 mg/mL de veneno cru. A atividade de gelatinase do veneno foi testada em um filme KODAK X-OMAT TM. Venenos crus de B. parviocula e B. arietans foram testados no que diz respeito à sua capacidade de afetar o tempo de coagulação, a velocidade de coagulação e a função plaquetogênica em sangue humano total. RESULTADO: o antiveneno SAIMR foi confirmado neste estudo no que diz respeito à neutralização da atividade letal do veneno de Bitis parviocula. ED50s do antiveneno SAIMR sobre a B. parviocula e B. arietans neutralizou metade de 18,2 e 66,7 mg respectivamente do veneno. As atividades hemorrágicas (MHDs) de B. parviocula e B. arietans foram respectivamente 0,88 e 1,7 µg. Os venenos de B. arietans e B. parviocula degradaram cadeias α e β em tempos diferentes. A cadeia Γ permaneceu não afetada. O veneno da B. parviocula não mostrou atividade de gelatinase, enquanto o de B. arietans teve um MGD de 6,9 µg. A nível de 3 mg/mL os venenos crus de B. parviocula e B. arietans não afetaram significantemente o tempo e a velocidade de coagulação. CONCLUSÕES: O antiveneno SAIMR é bastante efetivo para neutralizar o veneno da B. parviocula e deveria ser considerado para o tratamento de envenenamentos por estas serpentes.

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          Snake venomics of Bitis species reveals large intragenus venom toxin composition variation: application to taxonomy of congeneric taxa.

          The protein composition of the venoms of the West African Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica rhinoceros), the rhinoceros viper (Bitis nasicornis), and the horned puff adder (Bitis caudalis) were analyzed by RP-HPLC, N-terminal sequencing, SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting, and CID-MS/MS. In line with previous proteomic and transcriptomic analyses showing that snake venom proteins belong to only a few major protein families, the venom proteomes of Bitis gabonica rhinoceros, Bitis nasicornis, and Bitis caudalis comprise, respectively, toxins from 11, 9, and 8 toxin families. Dimeric disintegrins, PLA2 molecules, serine proteinases, a CRISP, C-type lectin-like proteins, L-amino acid oxidases, and snake venom metalloproteases are present in the three Bitis snake venoms, though they depart from each other in the composition and the relative abundance of their toxins. The venom composition appears to keep information on the evolutionary history of congeneric taxa. Protein similarity coefficients used to estimate the similarity of venom proteins of the Bitis taxa sampled here and in previous studies (eg. Bitis arietans and Bitis gabonica gabonica) support the monophyly of the three West African taxa (B.g. gabonica, B.g. rhinoceros, and B. nasicornis) based on genetic distance reconstructions, the lack of alliances between B. arietans and any other Bitis species, and are consistent with the taxonomic association of Bitis caudalis within the differentiated group of small Bitis species. The low level of venom toxin composition similarity between the two conventionally recognized subspecies of Bitis gabonica, B. g. gabonica and B. g. rhinoceros, supports the consideration by some authors of B. g. rhinoceros as a separate species, Bitis rhinoceros. Moreover, our proteomic data fit better to a weighted phylogram based on overall genetic distances than to an unweighted maximum-parsimony tree.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rimtsp
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical (São Paulo )
                1678-9946
                August 2011
                : 53
                : 4
                : 213-217
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Texas A&M University United States
                [2 ] Albuquerque Biological Park
                [3 ] Tropical Medicine Institute
                [4 ] Instituto Nacional de Higiene ‘Rafael Rangel’ Venezuela
                Article
                S0036-46652011000400007
                10.1590/S0036-46652011000400007
                3304453
                21915465
                219746d9-e15f-4415-9457-c9b2b1ef4c89

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0036-4665&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Bitis parviocula,Bitis arietans,South African Vaccine Producers (SAVP),South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR),antivenom,Venom

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