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      Evaluation of alkenones, a renewably sourced, plant‐derived wax as a structuring agent for lipsticks

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE

          Waxes are used as structuring agents in lipsticks. There are a variety of waxes combined in a single lipstick to provide good stability, pleasant texture and good pay‐off. Due to a significant growth for natural, green and sustainable products, there is a constant search for alternatives to animal‐derived and petroleum‐derived ingredients. In this study, a green, non‐animalderived wax, namely long‐chain ketones (referred to as alkenones), sourced from marine microalgae was formulated into lipsticks and evaluated as a structuring agent.

          METHODS

          Alkenones were used as a substitute for microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and candelilla wax, typical structuring agents. In total, 384 lipsticks were formulated: L1 (control, no alkenones), L2 (alkenones as a substitute for ozokerite), L3 (alkenones as a substitute for microcrystalline wax) and L4 (alkenones as a substitute for candelilla wax). Products were tested for hardness (bending force), stiffness, firmness (needle penetration), pay‐off (using a texture analyser and a consumer panel), friction, melting point and stability for 12 weeks at 25 and 45°C.

          RESULTS

          Alkenones influenced each characteristic evaluated. In general, lipsticks with alkenones (L2‐L4) became softer and easier to bend compared to the control (L1). In terms of firmness, lipsticks were similar to the control, except for L4, which was significantly (P < 0.05) firmer. The effect on pay‐off was not consistent. L2 and L3 had higher pay‐off to skin and fabric than L1. In addition, L4 had the lowest amount transferred, but it still had the highest colour intensity on skin. Alkenones influenced friction (glide) positively; the average friction decreased for L2‐L4. The lowest friction (i.e. best glide) was shown in L4. Melting point of the lipsticks was lower when alkenones were present. Overall, L4, containing 7% of 4 alkenones in combination with microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and carnauba wax, was found to have the most desirable attributes, including ease of bending, high level of firmness, low pay‐off in terms of amount, high colour intensity on skin and low friction (i.e. better glide). Consumers preferred L4 the most overall.

          CONCLUSION

          Results of this study indicate that alkenones offer a sustainable, non‐animal and non‐petroleum‐derived choice as a structuring agent for lipsticks.

          Abstract

          In this study, a green, non‐animal derived wax, namely alkenones, sourced from marine microalgae was formulated into lipsticks and evaluated as a structuring agent and compared to microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and candelilla wax. Overall, the lipstick with 7% of alkenones (L4) in combination with microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and carnauba wax was found to have the most desirable attributes, including ease of bending, high level of firmness, low pay‐off in terms of amount, high colour intensity on skin and low friction (i.e. better glide). Consumers also preferred L4 the most overall in the consumer study.

          Résumé

          OBJECTIF

          Les cires sont utilisées comme agents de structuration dans les rouges à lèvres. Un rouge à lèvres contient plusieurs cires, afin d’obtenir une bonne stabilité, une texture agréable et un bon transfert de matière. En raison d’une croissance significative de la demande en produits naturels, écologiques et durables, les chercheurs s’efforcent constamment de trouver des alternatives aux ingrédients d’origine animale et dérivés du pétrole. Dans cette étude, les cétones à longue chaîne (appelés alkénones), une cire verte qui n’est pas d’origine animale, mais provenant de microalgues marines, a été formulée pour les rouges à lèvres et évaluée comme agent de structuration.

          MÉTHODES

          Les alkénones ont été utilisés comme substitut pour la cire microcristalline, l’ozokérite et la cire de candelilla, des agents de structuration courants. Au total, 384 rouges à lèvres ont été formulés : L1 (contrôle, sans alkénone), L2 (alkénones comme substitut de l’ozokérite), L3 (alkénones comme substitut de la cire microcristalline) et L4 (alkénones comme substitut de la cire de candelilla). Des tests ont été réalisés sur les produits pour évaluer la dureté (force de flexion), la rigidité, la fermeté (pénétration de l’aiguille), le transfert de matière (à l’aide d’un analyseur de texture et d’un panel de consommateurs), la friction, le point de fusion et la stabilité pendant 12 semaines à 25 et 45 °C.

          RÉSULTATS

          Les alkénones ont eu une influence sur chacune des caractéristiques évaluées. En général, les rouges à lèvres contenant des alkénones (L2 à L4) sont devenus plus mous et ont présenté une flexion plus facile que dans le cas du contrôle (L1). En termes de fermeté, les rouges à lèvres étaient similaires au contrôle, à l’exception de L4, qui était significativement (P < 0,05) plus ferme. L’effet sur le transfert de matière a été variable. L2 et L3 ont présenté un transfert de matière sur la peau et le tissu supérieur à celui de L1. En outre, dans le cas de L4, la quantité transférée était la plus faible, mais l’intensité de la couleur sur la peau était toujours la plus élevée. Les alkénones ont eu un effet positif sur la friction (glissement) ; la friction moyenne a diminué pour L2 à L4. La friction la plus basse (c.‐à‐d. le meilleur glissement) a été observée dans le cas de L4. Le point de fusion des rouges à lèvres était plus bas lorsque des alkénones étaient présents. Dans l’ensemble, L4, contenant 7 % d’alkénones en combinaison avec de la cire microcristalline, de l’ozokérite et de la cire de carnauba, s’est révélée avoir les caractéristiques les plus souhaitables, notamment une facilité de flexion, une fermeté élevée, un faible transfert de matière en termes de quantité, une intensité de couleur élevée sur la peau et une faible friction (c.‐à‐d. un meilleur glissement). En général, les consommateurs ont préféré L4.

          CONCLUSION

          Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les alkénones offrent un choix durable, non issu de l’animal et non dérivé du pétrole comme agent de structuration pour les rouges à lèvres.

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          Most cited references20

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          Long-chain alkenes and alkenones in the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi

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            Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview.

            Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes used as food by humans. They have also been recognized as an excellent source of vitamins and proteins and as such are found in health food stores throughout the world. They are also reported to be a source of fine chemicals, renewable fuel and bioactive compounds. This potential is being realized as data from research in the areas of the physiology and chemistry of these organisms are gathered and the knowledge of cyanobacterial genetics and genetic engineering increased. Their role as antiviral, anti-tumour, antibacterial, anti-HIV and a food additive have been well established. The production of cyanobacteria in artificial and natural environments has been fully exploited. In this review the use of cyanobacteria and microalgae, production processes and biosynthesis of pigments, colorants and certain bioactive compounds are discussed in detail. The genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria and microalgae to improve their quality are also described at length.
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              The Potential Use of Marine Microalgae and Cyanobacteria in Cosmetics and Thalassotherapy

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gabriella.Baki@utoledo.edu
                Journal
                Int J Cosmet Sci
                Int J Cosmet Sci
                10.1111/(ISSN)1468-2494
                ICS
                International Journal of Cosmetic Science
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0142-5463
                1468-2494
                31 January 2020
                April 2020
                : 42
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/ics.v42.2 )
                : 146-155
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo Toledo OH USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA USA
                [ 4 ] ACT Solutions Corp Newark DE USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Gabriella Baki, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.

                Email: Gabriella.Baki@ 123456utoledo.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2959-7619
                Article
                ICS12597
                10.1111/ics.12597
                9291794
                31880361
                2195a68e-6252-4263-8260-aff0d33397f8
                © 2019 The Authors. International Journal of Cosmetic Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Cosmetic Scientists and Société Française de Cosmétologie

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 18 November 2019
                : 03 October 2019
                : 17 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Pages: 10, Words: 6363
                Funding
                Funded by: Washington Research Foundation , doi 10.13039/100001906;
                Funded by: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , doi 10.13039/100005991;
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                April 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:18.07.2022

                Medicine
                colour cosmetics,formulation/stability,statistics,alkenones,lipstick
                Medicine
                colour cosmetics, formulation/stability, statistics, alkenones, lipstick

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