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      Las fronteras entre el envejecimiento cognitivo normal y la enfermedad de Alzheimer.: El concepto de deterioro cognitivo leve

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          Abstract

          Resumen Revisamos el concepto de envejecimiento cognitivo, la epidemiología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y especialmente sus factores de riesgo y aquellos de protección que aseguran un envejecimiento exitoso. Concluimos que el anciano normal no tiene deterioro cognitivo significativo. Revisamos el concepto de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), sus fundamentos clínicos, la necesidad de su diagnóstico neuropsicológico, sus bases lesionales, sus marcadores imagenológicos y paraclínicos, discutiendo con mayor detalle la situación actual en lo referente a métodos imagenológicos. Insistimos en que el DCL es una entidad clínica de relevancia ya que en muchos pacientes es una etapa preclínica o precoz de EA. Sugerimos la existencia de distintos perfiles neuropsicológicos. Describimos la situación actual del tratamiento así como varias alternativas futuras. Seleccionamos algunas conclusiones generales de interés clínico.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé On reconsidère la conception de vieillissement cognitif, l'épidémilogie de la maladie d'Alzheimer (EA) et surtout ses facteurs de risque et ceux de protection qui assurent un vieillissement normal. On tire comme conclusion que le vieillard normal n'a pas de détérioration cognitive importante. On a révisé la conception de détérioration cognitive légère (DCL), ses fondements cliniques, le besoin d'un diagnostic neuropsychologique, ses bases lésionnelles, ses marqueurs imagénologiques et paracliniques, et on a discuté en profondeur la situation actuelle en ce qui concerne les méthodes imagénologiques. On insiste sur l'idée que le DCL est une entité préclinique ou précoce de EA. On suggère l'existence de différents profils neuropsy-chologiques. On décrit la situation actuelle du traitement ainsi que plusieurs actions futures. On tire quelques conclusions générales d'intérêt clinique

          Translated abstract

          Summary We reviewed the concept of cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease risk factors, and normal aging factors. We concluded that normal elder people don't show a significant cognitive damage. We also reviewed the concept of mild cognitive damage, its clinical and damaging bases, the importance of neuropsychological diagnosis, imaging and paraclinical markers, in addition to discussing current imaging procedures. Mild cognitive damage is a relevant clinical condition since many patients present it as an early stage of Alzheimer's disease. The existence of other neuropsychological profiles was suggested. We described the current management of mild cognitive damage and oncoming alternatives. General conclusions of clinical interest have been selected

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          Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons

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            Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study.

            To determine the relationship of brain infarction to the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Cognitive function and the prevalence of dementia were determined for participants in the Nun Study who later died. At autopsy, lacunar and larger brain infarcts were identified, and senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex were quantitated. Participants with abundant senile plaques and some neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex were classified as having met the neuropathologic criteria for AD. Convents in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southern United States. A total of 102 college-educated women aged 76 to 100 years. Cognitive function assessed by standard tests and dementia and AD assessed by clinical and neuropathologic criteria. Among 61 participants who met the neuropathologic criteria for AD, those with brain infarcts had poorer cognitive function and a higher prevalence of dementia than those without infarcts. Participants with lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia, thalamus, or deep white matter had an especially high prevalence of dementia, compared with those without infarcts (the odds ratio [OR] for dementia was 20.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.5-288.0). Fewer neuropathologic lesions of AD appeared to result in dementia in those with lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia, thalamus, or deep white matter than in those without infarcts. In contrast, among 41 participants who did not meet the neuropathologic criteria for AD, brain infarcts were only weakly associated with poor cognitive function and dementia. Among all 102 participants, atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis was strongly associated with lacunar and large brain infarcts. These findings suggest that cerebrovascular disease may play an important role in determining the presence and severity of the clinical symptoms of AD.
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              Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use.

              In a longitudinal study of 1,686 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we examined whether the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was reduced among reported users of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition, we examined use of acetaminophen, a pain-relief medication with little or no anti-inflammatory activity, to assess the specificity of the association between AD risk and self-reported medications. Information on use of medications was collected during each biennial examination between 1980 and 1995. The relative risk (RR) for AD decreased with increasing duration of NSAID use. Among those with 2 or more years of reported NSAID use, the RR was 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.84) compared with 0.65 (95% CI: 0.33-1.29) for those with less than 2 years of NSAID use. The overall RR for AD among aspirin users was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.46-1.18), and no trend of decreasing risk of AD was observed with increasing duration of aspirin use. No association was found between AD risk and use of acetaminophen (RR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.79-2.30), and there was no trend of decreasing risk with increasing duration of use. These findings are consistent with evidence from cross-sectional studies indicating protection against AD risk among NSAID users and with evidence suggesting that one stage of the pathophysiology leading to AD is characterized by an inflammatory process.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmu
                Revista Médica del Uruguay
                Rev. Méd. Urug.
                Sindicato Médico del Uruguay (Montevideo )
                1688-0390
                May 2003
                : 19
                : 1
                : 4-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-03902003000100002
                21928be9-f707-42d2-a7aa-bd0370aca6a5

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-0390&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                MEDICINE, LEGAL
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                ONCOLOGY
                SURGERY

                Oncology & Radiotherapy,Social law,Medicine,Surgery,Clinical chemistry,Internal medicine
                TRAS TORNOS COGNITIVOS

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