3
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Hand hygiene compliance: bridging the awareness-practice gap in sub-Saharan Africa Translated title: Einhaltung der Händehygiene: Überbrückung der Kluft zwischen Bewusstsein und Praxis in Afrika südlich der Sahara

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          This review provides an exploratory overview of hand hygiene compliance in sub-Saharan Africa and examines strategies to bridge the compliance gap.

          While there is increasing awareness on hand hygiene, empirical evidence suggests that there is no concurrent increase in correct hand hygiene practice among key populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Children, adolescents and even healthcare providers (HCPs) in sub-Saharan Africa consistently assume poor hand hygiene compliance levels resulting in negative health consequences. Faecal-oral diseases remain common among schoolchildren, leading to school absenteeism and disease-specific morbidity. Additionally, the incidence of nosocomial infections in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa remains high, as many HCPs do not adopt good hand hygiene practice. Increased disease burden, high healthcare costs and eroding public confidence in the healthcare system are a few implications of HCPs’ poor compliance with hand hygiene. These trends underscore the inadequacies of educational approaches (cognition model) to hand hygiene promotion commonly adopted in sub-Saharan Africa.

          It was therefore recommended that the governments of sub-Saharan Africa should focus on promoting skill-based hygiene education which will help schoolchildren develop good hand hygiene practice as a lifelong skill. In addition, efforts should be made to implement a multimodal hand hygiene strategy in healthcare facilities in order to increase compliance by healthcare providers.

          Zusammenfassung

          Die Übersicht gibt einen explorativen Überblick über die Einhaltung der Händehygiene in Afrika südlich der Sahara und untersucht Strategien zur Überbrückung der Compliance-Lücke.

          Während das Bewusstsein für die Händehygiene zunimmt, weisen empirische Daten darauf hin, dass es in den Hauptbevölkerungsgruppen in Afrika südlich der Sahara keine übereinstimmende Zunahme der korrekten Händehygiene gibt. Bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, aber auch bei Mitarbeitern in Gesundheitseinrichtungen (GE) in Afrika südlich der Sahara ist durchweg von einer schlechten Händehygiene auszugehen, was sich negativ auf die Gesundheit auswirkt. Fäkal-orale Erkrankungen treten bei Schulkindern weiterhin häufig auf, was zu Fehlzeiten und krankheitsspezifischer Morbidität führt. Darüber hinaus ist die Inzidenz nosokomialer Infektionen in Gesundheitseinrichtungen in Afrika südlich der Sahara nach wie vor hoch, da viele GE keine gute Handhygienepraxis anwenden. Erhöhte Krankheitslast, hohe Gesundheitskosten und schwindendes Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in das Gesundheitssystem sind nur einige Folgen der schlechten Einhaltung der Händehygiene durch die GE. Diese Trends unterstreichen die Unzulänglichkeiten der pädagogischen Ansätze (Kognitionsmodell) zur Förderung der Händehygiene in Afrika südlich der Sahara.

          Als Schlussfolgerung wird die Notwendigkeit einer kompetenzbasierten Hygieneausbildung abgeleitet, die Schülern helfen soll, eine gute Handhygienepraxis als lebenslange Fertigkeit zu entwickeln. Für GE steht die Umsetzung einer multimodalen Strategie im Krankenhausumfeld im Mittelpunkt, um die Compliance zu verbessern.

          Related collections

          Most cited references30

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs.

          The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest that a hand hygiene preparation should at least have activity against bacteria, yeasts, and coated viruses. The importance of efficacy in choosing the right hand hygiene product is reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on hand hygiene (J. M. Boyce and D. Pittet, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1-45, 2002). The best antimicrobial efficacy can be achieved with ethanol (60 to 85%), isopropanol (60 to 80%), and n-propanol (60 to 80%). The activity is broad and immediate. Ethanol at high concentrations (e.g., 95%) is the most effective treatment against naked viruses, whereas n-propanol seems to be more effective against the resident bacterial flora. The combination of alcohols may have a synergistic effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (2 to 4%) and triclosan (1 to 2%) is both lower and slower. Additionally, both agents have a risk of bacterial resistance, which is higher for chlorhexidine than triclosan. Their activity is often supported by the mechanical removal of pathogens during hand washing. Taking the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical removal together, they are still less effective than the alcohols. Plain soap and water has the lowest efficacy of all. In the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs containing various emollients instead of irritating soaps and detergents is one strategy to reduce skin damage, dryness, and irritation. Irritant contact dermatitis is highest with preparations containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, less frequent with nonantimicrobial soaps and preparations containing lower concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, and lowest with well-formulated alcohol-based hand rubs containing emollients and other skin conditioners. Too few published data from comparative trials are available to reliably rank triclosan. Personnel should be reminded that it is neither necessary nor recommended to routinely wash hands after each application of an alcohol-based hand rub. Long-lasting improvement of compliance with hand hygiene protocols can be successful if an effective and accessible alcohol-based hand rub with a proven dermal tolerance and an excellent user acceptability is supplied, accompanied by education of health care workers and promotion of the use of the product.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Over-Reporting in Handwashing Self-Reports: Potential Explanatory Factors and Alternative Measurements

            Handwashing interventions are a priority in development and emergency aid programs. Evaluation of these interventions is essential to assess the effectiveness of programs; however, measuring handwashing is quite difficult. Although observations are considered valid, they are time-consuming and cost-ineffective; self-reports are highly efficient but considered invalid because desirable behaviour tends to be over-reported. Socially desirable responding has been claimed to be the main cause of inflated self-reports, but its underlying factors and mechanisms are understudied. The present study investigated socially desirable responding and additional potential explanatory factors for over-reported handwashing to identify indications for measures which mitigate over-reporting. Additionally, a script-based covert recall, an alternative interview question intended to mitigate recall errors and socially desirable responding, was developed and tested. Cross-sectional data collection was conducted in the Borena Zone, Ethiopia, through 2.5-hour observations and 1-hour interviews with the primary caregivers in households. A total sample of N = 554 was surveyed. Data were analysed with correlation and multiple regression analyses and dependent t-tests. Over-reporting of handwashing was associated with factors assumed to be involved in (1) socially desirable responding, (2) encoding and recall of information, and (3) dissonance processes. The latter two factor groups explained over-reported handwashing beyond socially desirable responding. The alternative interview question—script-based covert recall—reduced over-reporting compared to conventional self-reports. Although the difficulties involved in measuring handwashing by self-reports and observations are widely known, the present study is the first to investigate the factors which explain over-reporting of handwashing. This research contributes to the limited evidence base on a highly important subject: how to evaluate handwashing interventions efficiently and accurately.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Nosocomial infections

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2196-5226
                06 May 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : Doc06
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
                [2 ]Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jahmai Irehovbude, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14 Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria, Phone: +23 4805553762, E-mail: irejahmai@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                dgkh000341 Doc06 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0003410
                10.3205/dgkh000341
                7273322
                32547906
                21473539-54aa-4c9c-ab79-cf9cd46d536c
                Copyright © 2020 Irehovbude et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Categories
                Article

                hand hygiene,multimodal strategy,skill-based hygiene education,sub-saharan africa

                Comments

                Comment on this article