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      A randomized trial investigating the impact of response expectancy on the counting blessings intervention: the role of optimism as a moderator

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          This randomized controlled trial aimed to address a knowledge gap concerning the mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of gratitude interventions. Specifically, we investigated how various response expectancies (positive, ambiguous + negative, and no expectancy) impact the efficacy of the “counting blessings” intervention in influencing positive and negative emotions. Additionally, the study explores how optimism levels (high, medium, low) interact with these expectancies to influence intervention efficacy.

          Method

          A total of 529 adult volunteers were recruited through social media and randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions, Positive Condition (PC), Ambiguous + Negative Condition (ANC), No Expectancy Condition (NEC), using a Random Sequence Generator. Of these, 142 participants completed the seven-day counting blessings intervention, and 111 participated in a follow-up assessment 1 month later. Missing data were addressed using multiple imputation. The main outcomes were changes in positive and negative emotions, with moderation analysis assessing the interaction between optimism levels and response expectancies. The study adhered to the CONSORT guidelines.

          Results

          While no significant interaction was found between experimental conditions and time regarding emotional outcomes ( p ˃ 0.05), moderation analysis revealed differential interactions between optimism levels and expectancies, particularly influencing positive emotions ( p < 0.009). For participants with low optimism, positive emotions significantly increased from post-intervention to follow-up in the PC ( t = −2.42, p < 0.016) and from pre-intervention to post-intervention in the ANC ( t = 2.41, p < 0.018). Participants with medium optimism experienced an increase in positive emotions across all conditions from pre-intervention to follow-up and from post-intervention to follow-up ( p s  < 0.05). High optimism participants showed an increase in positive emotions from pre-intervention to follow-up and post-intervention to follow-up in the PC ( t = 2.09, p < 0.038 and t = 3.06, p < 0.003) and NEC c ( t = −2.76, p < 0.006 and t = 2.74, p < 0.007).

          Conclusion

          Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of a brief gratitude journal and underscore the nuanced role of response expectancy, especially in interaction with the initial level of optimism, in enhancing positive emotions. These results hold significance for both theoretical understanding and clinical applications.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Petronela Predatu: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2682421/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Daniel David: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/500767/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Irving Kirsch: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/356049/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Ionuț Stelian Florean: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Răzvan Predatu: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2303785/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 December 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1399425
                Affiliations
                [1] 1International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [2] 2Evidence Based Psychological Assessment and Interventions Doctoral School, Babeș-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [3] 3Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [4] 4Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, United States
                [5] 5Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Eleonora Maria Camerone, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

                Reviewed by: Diletta Barbiani, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Italy

                Cesar Parra-Gaete, University of the Americas, Ecuador

                Giacomo Rossettini, University of Verona, Italy

                *Correspondence: Daniel David, danieldavid@ 123456psychology.ro ; Petronela Predatu, petronelablaga@ 123456psychology.ro ; Răzvan Predatu, razvanpredatu@ 123456psychology.ro
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1399425
                PMC ID: 11649415
                PubMed ID: 39691669
                SO-VID: 2137aa5b-c0e6-4756-90f4-40f97a0c4e66
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Predatu, David, Kirsch, Florean and Predatu.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 11 March 2024
                Date accepted : 17 September 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 99, Pages: 16, Words: 12993
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI (Project Number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0808), and by a grant from Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB Starting Research Grants, Grant Number SRG-UBB Nr. 32965/23.06.2023), both awarded to Răzvan Predatu. Additionally, this work was supported by two grants from Babeș-Bolyai University (Competitiveness Support Grants AGC31670/09.04.2024 and AGC31669/09.04.2024), both awarded to Răzvan Predatu.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Psychopathology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: expectancy,psychological intervention,gratitude,emotions,optimism,randomized controlled trial
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: expectancy, psychological intervention, gratitude, emotions, optimism, randomized controlled trial

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