Localization transition in non-Hermitian systems depending on reciprocity and hopping asymmetry

Abstract

We investigated the single-particle Anderson localization problem for non-Hermitian systems on directed graphs. Various undirected standard random graph models were modified by controlling reciprocity and hopping asymmetry parameters. We found the emergence of left, biorthogonal and right localized states depending on both parameters and graph structure properties such as node degree \(d\). For directed random graphs, the occurrence of biorthogonal localization near exceptional points is described analytically and numerically. The clustering of localized states near the center of the spectrum and the corresponding mobility edge for left and right states are shown numerically. Structural features responsible for localization, such as topologically invariant nodes or drain and sources, were also described. Considering the diagonal disorder, we observed the disappearance of localization dependence on reciprocity around \(W \sim 20\) for a random regular graph \(d=4\). With a small diagonal disorder, the average biorthogonal fractal dimension drastically reduces. Around \(W \sim 5\) localization scars occur within the spectrum, alternating as vertical bands of clustering of left and right localized states.