Oligocene niche shift, Miocene diversification – cold tolerance and accelerated speciation rates in the St. John’s Worts (Hypericum, Hypericaceae) – ScienceOpen
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      Oligocene niche shift, Miocene diversification – cold tolerance and accelerated speciation rates in the St. John’s Worts ( Hypericum, Hypericaceae)

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          Abstract

          Background

          Our aim is to understand the evolution of species-rich plant groups that shifted from tropical into cold/temperate biomes. It is well known that climate affects evolutionary processes, such as how fast species diversify, species range shifts, and species distributions. Many plant lineages may have gone extinct in the Northern Hemisphere due to Late Eocene climate cooling, while some tropical lineages may have adapted to temperate conditions and radiated; the hyper-diverse and geographically widespread genus Hypericum is one of these.

          Results

          To investigate the effect of macroecological niche shifts on evolutionary success we combine historical biogeography with analyses of diversification dynamics and climatic niche shifts in a phylogenetic framework. Hypericum evolved cold tolerance c. 30 million years ago, and successfully colonized all ice-free continents, where today ~500 species exist. The other members of Hypericaceae stayed in their tropical habitats and evolved into ~120 species. We identified a 15–20 million year lag between the initial change in temperature preference in Hypericum and subsequent diversification rate shifts in the Miocene.

          Conclusions

          Contrary to the dramatic niche shift early in the evolution of Hypericum most extant species occur in temperate climates including high elevations in the tropics. These cold/temperate niches are a distinctive characteristic of Hypericum. We conclude that the initial release from an evolutionary constraint (from tropical to temperate climates) is an important novelty in Hypericum. However, the initial shift in the adaptive landscape into colder climates appears to be a precondition, and may not be directly related to increased diversification rates. Instead, subsequent events of mountain formation and further climate cooling may better explain distribution patterns and species-richness in Hypericum. These findings exemplify important macroevolutionary patterns of plant diversification during large-scale global climate change.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0359-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references92

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          Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.

          Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.
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            Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA.

            Six primers for the amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been designed. In order to find out whether these primers were universal, we used them in an attempt to amplify DNA from various plant species. The primers worked for most species tested including algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The fact that they amplify chloroplast DNA non-coding regions over a wide taxonomic range means that these primers may be used to study the population biology (in supplying markers) and evolution (inter- and probably intraspecific phylogenies) of plants.
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              Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time

              Theory predicts low niche differentiation between species over evolutionary time scales, but little empirical evidence is available. Reciprocal geographic predictions based on ecological niche models of sister taxon pairs of birds, mammals, and butterflies in southern Mexico indicate niche conservatism over several million years of independent evolution (between putative sister taxon pairs) but little conservatism at the level of families. Niche conservatism over such time scales indicates that speciation takes place in geographic, not ecological, dimensions and that ecological differences evolve later.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                n.nuerk@cos.uni-heidelberg.de
                uribe.convers@gmail.com
                gehrke@uni-mainz.de
                dtank@uidaho.edu
                blattner@ipk-gatersleben.de
                Journal
                BMC Evol Biol
                BMC Evol. Biol
                BMC Evolutionary Biology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2148
                6 May 2015
                6 May 2015
                2015
                : 15
                : 80
                Affiliations
                [ ]Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
                [ ]Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics & Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051 USA
                [ ]Institute of Special Botany, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099 Mainz, Germany
                [ ]Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Correnzstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
                [ ]German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                Article
                359
                10.1186/s12862-015-0359-4
                4422466
                25608511
                20ecc52c-2e0a-4cf2-ab4d-a4a980f5de0f
                © Nürk et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 19 November 2014
                : 22 April 2015
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Evolutionary Biology
                adaptive landscape,bamm,bayou,divergence time estimation,climate change,cold tolerance,diversification rate shifts,historical biogeography,hypericum (st. john’s wort,hypericaceae),niche shift

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