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      Obesity and gynecological cancers: A toxic relationship

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          Abstract

          Despite the evidence supporting the relevance of obesity and obesity‐associated disorders in the development, management, and prognosis of various cancers, obesity rates continue to increase worldwide. Growing evidence supports the involvement of obesity in the development of gynecologic malignancies. This article explores the molecular basis governing the alteration of hallmarks of cancer in the development of obesity‐related gynecologic malignancies encompassing cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. We highlight specific examples of how development, management, and prognosis are affected for each cancer, incorporate current knowledge on complementary approaches including lifestyle interventions to improve patient outcomes, and highlight how new technologies are helping us better understand the biology underlying this neglected pandemic.

          Synopsis

          This review focuses on how obesity impacts cancer hallmarks in gynecologic malignancies, thus affecting the diagnosis, management, treatment, and prognosis of these diseases.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

            Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg (2011)
            The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods

              J Ferlay, M Colombet, I Soerjomataram … (2018)
              Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 36 cancers and for all cancers combined for the year 2018 are now available in the GLOBOCAN 2018 database, compiled and disseminated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This paper reviews the sources and methods used in compiling the cancer statistics in 185 countries. The validity of the national estimates depends upon the representativeness of the source information, and to take into account possible sources of bias, uncertainty intervals are now provided for the estimated sex- and site-specific all-ages number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths. We briefly describe the key results globally and by world region. There were an estimated 18.1 million (95% UI: 17.5-18.7 million) new cases of cancer (17 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million (95% UI: 9.3-9.8 million) deaths from cancer (9.5 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2018.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mauricio A. Cuello: mcuello@uc.cl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Gynaecol Obstet
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Gynaecol Obstet
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1879-3479
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJGO
                Title: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0020-7292
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-3479
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2021
                Publication date (Print): October 2021
                Volume: 155
                Issue: Suppl 1 , FIGO Cancer Report 2021 ( doiID: 10.1002/ijgo.v155.s1 )
                Pages: 123-134
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
                [ 2 ] Department of Obstetrics School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
                [ 3 ] Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
                [ 4 ] Department of Gynecology School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Mauricio A. Cuello, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Metropolitan Area, Chile 8330077.

                Email: mcuello@ 123456uc.cl

                Article
                Publisher ID: IJGO13870
                DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13870
                PMC ID: 9298434
                PubMed ID: 34669205
                SO-VID: 20b3a06f-9d59-41da-b913-637018dd059c
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Pages: 12, Words: 7346
                Categories
                Subject: Figo Cancer Report 2021
                Subject: Chapters
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date October 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:20.07.2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: carcinogenesis,endometrial neoplasms,figo cancer report,obesity,ovarian neoplasms,prognoses,treatment outcome,uterine cervix neoplasms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: carcinogenesis, endometrial neoplasms, figo cancer report, obesity, ovarian neoplasms, prognoses, treatment outcome, uterine cervix neoplasms

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