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      Clinical and radiological correlations in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease* Translated title: Correlações clinicorradiológicas em pacientes com doença trofoblástica gestacional

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          Abstract

          Gestational trophoblastic disease is an abnormality of pregnancy that encompasses a group of diseases that differ from each other in their propensity for regression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. In the past, it was common for patients with molar pregnancy to present with marked symptoms: copious bleeding; theca lutein cysts; uterus larger than appropriate for gestational age; early preeclampsia; hyperemesis gravidarum; and hyperthyroidism. Currently, with early diagnosis made by ultrasound, most patients are diagnosed while the disease is still in the asymptomatic phase. In cases of progression to trophoblastic neoplasia, staging-typically with Doppler flow studies of the pelvis and chest X-ray, although occasionally with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-is critical to the choice of an appropriate antineoplastic therapy regimen. Because it is an unusual and serious disease that affects women of reproductive age, as well as because its appropriate treatment results in high cure rates, it is crucial that radiologists be familiar with gestational trophoblastic disease, in order to facilitate its early diagnosis and to ensure appropriate follow-up imaging.

          Translated abstract

          Doença trofoblástica gestacional é anomalia da gravidez que engloba um grupo de doenças derivadas do trofoblasto, diferentes entre si na propensão para regressão, invasão, metástase e recidiva. No passado, era comum a paciente portadora de gravidez molar apresentar sintomas exuberantes: hemorragia copiosa, cistos tecaluteínicos, útero aumentado para a idade gestacional, pré-eclâmpsia precoce, hiperêmese e hipertireoidismo. Atualmente, com o diagnóstico precoce feito pela ultrassonografia, a maioria das pacientes é diagnosticada ainda na fase assintomática. Nos casos em que há progressão para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional, o estadiamento feito com a dopplerfluxometria pélvica e a radiografia de tórax, eventualmente com a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética, é fundamental na avaliação da escolha do tratamento antineoplásico. Por ser uma doença incomum e grave, que acomete mulheres no menacme, mas cujo tratamento adequado determina elevadas taxas de cura, é fundamental que os radiologistas estejam familiarizados com essa entidade clínica, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e promover seu correto acompanhamento imaginológico.

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          Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole.

          Gestational trophoblastic disease includes hydatidiform mole (complete and partial) and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor). The epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of each of these trophoblastic disease variants are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to management of hydatidiform mole, including evacuation, twin mole/normal fetus pregnancy, prophylactic chemotherapy, and follow-up. Copyright © 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

            Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. The overall cure rate in treating these tumors is currently >90%. Thorough evaluation and staging allow selection of appropriate therapy that maximizes chances for cure while minimizing toxicity. Nonmetastatic (stage I) and low-risk metastatic (stages II and III, score <7) GTN can be treated with single-agent chemotherapy resulting in a survival rate approaching 100%. High-risk GTN (stages II-IV, score ≥7) requires initial multiagent chemotherapy with or without adjuvant radiation and surgery to achieve a survival rate of 80-90%. Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Gestational trophoblastic disease: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Radiol Bras
                Radiol Bras
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem
                0100-3984
                1678-7099
                Jul-Aug 2016
                Jul-Aug 2016
                : 49
                : 4
                : 241-250
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Master's Student in the Perinatal Health Program at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [2 ]PhD, Physician at the Gynecology Institute of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [3 ]PhD, Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
                [4 ]PhD, Associate Professor of Obstetrics at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Director of the Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [5 ]PhD, Full Professor of Obstetrics at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [6 ]PhD, Full Member Emeritus of the Academia Nacional de Medicina, Full Professor of Obstetrics at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [7 ]PhD, Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, and at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Mailing address: Dr. Lana de Lourdes Aguiar Lima. Maternidade Escola - UFRJ. Rua das Laranjeiras, 180, Laranjeiras. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 22240-003. E-mail: lanalima@ 123456hotmail.com .
                Article
                10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0073
                5073391
                27777478
                2054a6ea-0a97-4653-a906-aa433107eb90
                © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 April 2015
                : 09 September 2015
                Categories
                Review Article

                hydatidiform mole,gestational trophoblastic disease,radiology

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