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      Moringa oleifera: bioactive compounds and nutritional potential Translated title: Moringa oleifera: compostos bioativos e potencialidade nutricional

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          Abstract

          This work aims to review the nutritional properties of the Moringa oleifera tree, emphasizing its main constituents and nutritional applications for humans and animals. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a cosmopolitan tree that grows in many tropical countries showing uncountable folk uses due to its various nutritional and pharmacological applications. The young leaves, flowers and pods are common vegetables in the Asian diet. All parts of this plant are renewable sources of tocopherols (γ and α), phenolic compounds, β-carotene, vitamin C and total proteins, including the essential sulfur amino acids, methionine and cysteine. The seed protein and fat contents are higher than those reported for important grain legumes and soybean varieties, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, carbohydrates and minerals are present in the seed in reasonable amounts. In general, there are low concentrations of antinutritional factors in the plant, although the seeds possess glucosinolates (65.5µmol/g dry matter), phytates (41g/kg) and hemagglutination activity while the leaves have appreciable amounts of saponins (80g/kg), besides low quantity of phytates (21g/kg) and tannins (12g/kg). Taking into consideration the excellent nutritional properties, the low toxicity of the seeds and the excellent ability of the plant to adapt to poor soils and dry climates, Moringa oleifera can be an alternative to some leguminous seeds as a source of high-quality protein, oil and antioxidant compounds and a way to treat water in rural areas where appropriate water resources are not available.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão sobre as propriedades nutricionais da planta Moringa oleifera, enfatizando seus principais constituintes e suas aplicações nutricionais para o homem e os animais. Moringa oleifera é uma planta que cresce em muitos países tropicais, possuindo inúmeros usos populares devido às suas aplicações nutricionais e farmacológicas. Na Ásia, suas folhas, flores e vagens são geralmente consumidas como vegetais. Todas as suas partes são fontes renováveis de compostos fenólicos, tocoferóis (γ e α), β-caroteno, vitamina C e proteínas totais, inclusive os aminoácidos essenciais sulfurados metionina e cisteína. Os conteúdos de proteínas e óleo nas sementes de Moringa oleifera são mais elevados que aqueles encontrados em legumes e em algumas variedades de soja, respectivamente. Ácidos graxos insaturados, principalmente o ácido oléico, carboidratos e minerais estão presentes nas sementes em quantidades razoáveis. No geral, a planta possui baixas concentrações de fatores antinutricionais, embora as sementes possuam glucosinolatos (65,5µmol/g), fitatos (41g/kg) e atividade hemaglutinante, enquanto as folhas têm apreciáveis quantidades de saponinas (80g/kg), além de fitatos (21g/kg) e taninos (12g/kg). Levando em consideração as excelentes propriedades nutricionais, a baixa toxicidade das sementes e a excelente habilidade da planta de se adaptar a solos pobres e a climas áridos, a Moringa oleifera pode ser uma alternativa ao consumo de sementes leguminosas, como fonte de proteínas de alta qualidade, de óleo e de compostos antioxidantes. Pode ser usada, ainda, como uma maneira de tratar água em áreas rurais onde recursos hídricos adequados não estão disponíveis.

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          Most cited references97

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            Effect of antioxidants, resveratrol, quercetin, and N-acetylcysteine, on the functions of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells.

            Effects of antioxidants, resveratrol, quercetin, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the functions of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells were studied. These compounds dose-dependently suppressed serum-dependent proliferation of stellate cells as determined by [3H]thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake. Expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin was suppressed by a high dose of resveratrol and quercetin. These phenolic compounds also suppressed inositol phosphate metabolism, tyrosine phosphorylation, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation in platelet-derived growth factor/BB-stimulated stellate cells. Moreover, the phenolic compounds selectively reduced the level of cell cycle protein cyclin D1 in stellate cells. Thus, resveratrol and quercetin might inhibit stellate cell activation by perturbing signal transduction pathway and cell cycle protein expression, whereas mechanism of potent antiproliferative effect of NAC remains to be elucidated. On the other hand, kinetic analysis showed that production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells was strongly inhibited by resveratrol and quercetin but not by NAC. Although expression of messenger RNAs for inducible NO synthase and TNF-alpha was not affected by the phenolic compounds, cellular levels of inducible NO synthase and TNF-alpha secretion were suppressed significantly, indicating the posttranscriptional process of generating these proteins might be affected predominantly by these phenolic compounds. Thus, NAC and these phenolic compounds may have therapeutic potential against liver injury by regulating functions of hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells.
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              Potential health benefits and problems associated with antinutrients in foods

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas )
                1678-9865
                August 2008
                : 21
                : 4
                : 431-437
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                Article
                S1415-52732008000400007
                10.1590/S1415-52732008000400007
                2031b511-0ba2-49df-8463-16f83f375ba5

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-5273&lng=en
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Protease Inhibitors,Moringa oleifera,Nutritive value,Inibidores de proteases,Valor nutritivo

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