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      Surgical role in the management of peritoneal dialysis catheters- evidence and proposals to improve current practices

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Peritoneal dialysis (PD) relies on adequate function of PD catheter. Mechanical complications are a major cause of dropout among PD patients. A prompt timing and an appropriate intervention may overcome these problems with catheter salvage, without interrupting PD treatment. Many Portuguese centers still lack a proper articulation between nephrology and surgical departments. We describe current available surgical approaches in the implantation of PD catheters, management of mechanical complications, exit‑site infections and other abdominal surgical procedures. Our aim is to reinforce the need for an established protocol of action between these departments as occurs with vascular access in hemodialysis.

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          Most cited references43

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          Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion.

          The success of peritoneal dialysis as renal-replacement therapy depends on a well-functioning peritoneal catheter. Knowledge of best practices in catheter insertion can minimize the risk of catheter complications that lead to peritoneal dialysis failure. The catheter placement procedure begins with preoperative assessment of the patient to determine the most appropriate catheter type, insertion site, and exit site location. Preoperative preparation of the patient is an instrumental step in facilitating the performance of the procedure, avoiding untoward events, and promoting the desired outcome. Catheter insertion methods include percutaneous needle-guidewire with or without image guidance, open surgical dissection, peritoneoscopic procedure, and surgical laparoscopy. The insertion technique used often depends on the geographic availability of material resources and local provider expertise in placing catheters. Independent of the catheter implantation approach, adherence to a number of universal details is required to ensure the best opportunity for creating a successful long-term peritoneal access. Finally, appropriate postoperative care and catheter break-in enables a smooth transition to dialysis therapy.
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            Selected best demonstrated practices in peritoneal dialysis access.

            Many burdensome interventions that adversely affect the utilization of peritoneal dialysis as renal replacement therapy and patient satisfaction with this treatment modality can be avoided by early peritoneal access placement with embedded catheters, implantation techniques that preempt common catheter complications, and the use of access devices that provide flexibility in exit site location. Catheter embedding consists of subcutaneously burying the external limb of the catheter tubing at the time of the insertion procedure. Interval exteriorization of the catheter is performed when dialysis is needed. Earlier commitment by patients to peritoneal dialysis can be achieved by elimination of catheter maintenance until dialysis is necessary. Catheter embedding is a practical strategy to avoid temporary hemodialysis with vascular catheters and reduces stress on operating room access by allowing more efficient scheduling as non-urgent procedures. Laparoscopic catheter placement enables proactive techniques not available to other conventional insertion methods. These techniques include rectus sheath tunneling to prevent catheter tip migration, selective prophylactic omentopexy to prevent omental entrapment, selective resection of epiploic appendages to prevent catheter obstruction, adhesiolysis to eliminate compartmentalization, and diagnosis and simultaneous repair of previously undiagnosed abdominal wall hernias. Both standard and extended 2-piece catheter systems are necessary to customize the peritoneal access to a variety of body configurations. Catheters should be able to produce lower abdominal, mid-abdominal, upper abdominal, and upper chest exit site locations that facilitate management by the patient without sacrificing deep pelvic position of the catheter tip or resulting in excessive tubing stress during passage through the abdominal wall.
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              Advanced Laparoscopic Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

              The optimal methodology of establishing access for peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains controversial. Previously published randomized controlled trials and cohort studies do not demonstrate an advantage for 1 technique over another. Four published meta-analyses comparing outcomes of laparoscopic versus open PD catheter (PDC) insertion have given inconsistent conclusions and are flawed since they group basic and advanced laparoscopy together. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine whether advanced laparoscopic interventions consisting of rectus sheath tunneling and adjunctive procedures produce a better outcome than open insertion or basic laparoscopy used only to verify the catheter position.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nep
                Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension
                Port J Nephrol Hypert
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Nefrologia (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                0872-0169
                June 2021
                : 35
                : 2
                : 69-74
                Affiliations
                [2] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto orgdiv1Nephrology Department Portugal
                [1] Évora orgnameHospital Espírito Santo de Évora orgdiv1Nephrology Department Portugal
                Article
                S0872-01692021000200069 S0872-0169(21)03500200069
                10.32932/pjnh.2021.07.123
                1ff77199-72d8-4653-a43f-4dc21916c74c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 June 2021
                : 11 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Perspective

                peritoneal dialysis,mechanical complications,peritoneal dialysis catheters

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