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      Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas

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          ABSTRACT

          Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.

          Abstract

          Here, we discuss the current knowledge surrounding regulatory networks and systems that control virulence and adaption mechanisms in Xanthomonas species. Additionally, we detail how study of these pathogens has provided novel opportunities for disease control and plant health.

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          Most cited references339

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          Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.

          Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid A (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating "core" oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (or O-antigen). Recent genomic data have facilitated study of LPS assembly in diverse Gram-negative bacteria, many of which are human or plant pathogens, and have established the importance of lateral gene transfer in generating structural diversity of O-antigens. Many enzymes of lipid A biosynthesis like LpxC have been validated as targets for development of new antibiotics. Key genes for lipid A biosynthesis have unexpectedly also been found in higher plants, indicating that eukaryotic lipid A-like molecules may exist. Most significant has been the identification of the plasma membrane protein TLR4 as the lipid A signaling receptor of animal cells. TLR4 belongs to a family of innate immunity receptors that possess a large extracellular domain of leucine-rich repeats, a single trans-membrane segment, and a smaller cytoplasmic signaling region that engages the adaptor protein MyD88. The expanding knowledge of TLR4 specificity and its downstream signaling pathways should provide new opportunities for blocking inflammation associated with infection.
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            Antimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Category of Therapeutic Agents

            Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, are short and generally positively charged peptides found in a wide variety of life forms from microorganisms to humans. Most AMPs have the ability to kill microbial pathogens directly, whereas others act indirectly by modulating the host defense systems. Against a background of rapidly increasing resistance development to conventional antibiotics all over the world, efforts to bring AMPs into clinical use are accelerating. Several AMPs are currently being evaluated in clinical trials as novel anti-infectives, but also as new pharmacological agents to modulate the immune response, promote wound healing, and prevent post-surgical adhesions. In this review, we provide an overview of the biological role, classification, and mode of action of AMPs, discuss the opportunities and challenges to develop these peptides for clinical applications, and review the innovative formulation strategies for application of AMPs.
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              Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                FEMS Microbiol Rev
                FEMS Microbiol Rev
                femsre
                FEMS Microbiology Reviews
                Oxford University Press
                0168-6445
                1574-6976
                January 2020
                03 October 2019
                03 October 2019
                : 44
                : 1
                : 1-32
                Affiliations
                National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton , University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
                Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University , Auburn AL36849, USA
                School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork , Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
                MVZ Dr. Eberhard & Partner Dortmund, Brauhausstraße 4 , Dortmund 44137, Germany
                State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
                Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6 , Marburg 35032, Germany
                Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred 33850, USA
                Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave , Richardson, TX 75080, USA
                Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson , TX 75080, USA
                Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred 33850, USA
                Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave , Richardson, TX 75080, USA
                Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson , TX 75080, USA
                Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road , Richardson, TX75080, USA
                State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China. E-mail: jltang@ 123456gxu.edu.cn
                Article
                fuz024
                10.1093/femsre/fuz024
                8042644
                31578554
                1f8d6468-9755-4097-b347-1658ee6ae479
                © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 May 2019
                : 29 September 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 32
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 31470237
                Funded by: Ba Gui Scholar Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China
                Award ID: 2014A002
                Funded by: National Science Foundation 10.13039/100000001
                Award ID: 1351354
                Funded by: USDA-NIFA Plant Biotic Interactions Program
                Award ID: 2017-67013-26527
                Funded by: State Key Laboratory
                Award ID: SKLCUSA-b201817
                Funded by: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council 10.13039/501100000268
                Award ID: BB/R012415/1
                Categories
                Review Article
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01150

                Microbiology & Virology
                plant disease,adaptation,extracellular polysaccharides,biofilm,type iii effectors,regulatory circuits

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