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      One size fits all? Stature estimation from footprints and the effect of substrate and speed on footprint creation

      1 , 2 , 3
      The Anatomical Record
      Wiley

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          Early hominin foot morphology based on 1.5-million-year-old footprints from Ileret, Kenya.

          Hominin footprints offer evidence about gait and foot shape, but their scarcity, combined with an inadequate hominin fossil record, hampers research on the evolution of the human gait. Here, we report hominin footprints in two sedimentary layers dated at 1.51 to 1.53 million years ago (Ma) at Ileret, Kenya, providing the oldest evidence of an essentially modern human-like foot anatomy, with a relatively adducted hallux, medial longitudinal arch, and medial weight transfer before push-off. The size of the Ileret footprints is consistent with stature and body mass estimates for Homo ergaster/erectus, and these prints are also morphologically distinct from the 3.75-million-year-old footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania. The Ileret prints show that by 1.5 Ma, hominins had evolved an essentially modern human foot function and style of bipedal locomotion.
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            Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics

            Background Debates over the evolution of hominin bipedalism, a defining human characteristic, revolve around whether early bipeds walked more like humans, with energetically efficient extended hind limbs, or more like apes with flexed hind limbs. The 3.6 million year old hominin footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania represent the earliest direct evidence of hominin bipedalism. Determining the kinematics of Laetoli hominins will allow us to understand whether selection acted to decrease energy costs of bipedalism by 3.6 Ma. Methodology/Principal Findings Using an experimental design, we show that the Laetoli hominins walked with weight transfer most similar to the economical extended limb bipedalism of humans. Humans walked through a sand trackway using both extended limb bipedalism, and more flexed limb bipedalism. Footprint morphology from extended limb trials matches weight distribution patterns found in the Laetoli footprints. Conclusions These results provide us with the earliest direct evidence of kinematically human-like bipedalism currently known, and show that extended limb bipedalism evolved long before the appearance of the genus Homo. Since extended-limb bipedalism is more energetically economical than ape-like bipedalism, energy expenditure was likely an important selection pressure on hominin bipeds by 3.6 Ma.
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              True tracks, undertracks and eroded tracks, experimental work with tetrapod tracks in laboratory and field

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                The Anatomical Record
                The Anatomical Record
                Wiley
                1932-8486
                1932-8494
                July 2022
                December 02 2021
                July 2022
                : 305
                : 7
                : 1692-1700
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
                [2 ]McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
                [3 ]Department of Archaeology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
                Article
                10.1002/ar.24833
                1f84a6d0-c0f0-467a-a83f-f8ef17cc777e
                © 2022

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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