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      Driving-related behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions among Australian medical cannabis users: results from the CAMS 20 survey

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          Abstract

          Road safety is an important concern amidst expanding worldwide access to legal cannabis. The present study reports on the driving-related subsection of the Cannabis as Medicine Survey 2020 (CAMS-20) which surveyed driving-related behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions among Australian medical cannabis (MC) users. Of the 1063 respondents who reported driving a motor vehicle in the past 12 months, 28% (297/1063) reported driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). Overall, 49–56% of respondents said they typically drive within 6 h of MC use, depending on the route of administration (oral or inhaled). Non-medical cannabis (NMC) was perceived to be more impairing for driving than MC. Binary logistic regression revealed associations between likelihood of DUIC and (1) inhaled routes of cannabis administration, (2) THC-dominant products, (3) illicit rather than prescribed use, (4) believing NMC does not impair driving, and (5) not being deterred by roadside drug testing. Overall, these findings suggest there is a relatively low perception of driving-related risk among MC users. Targeted education programs may be needed to highlight the potential risks associated with DUIC, and further research is needed to determine whether driving performance is differentially affected by MC and NMC.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42238-023-00202-y.

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          Cannabis effects on driving skills.

          Rebecca L Hartman, Marilyn A. Huestis (2013)
          Cannabis is the most prevalent illicit drug identified in impaired drivers. The effects of cannabis on driving continue to be debated, making prosecution and legislation difficult. Historically, delays in sample collection, evaluating the inactive Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, and polydrug use have complicated epidemiologic evaluations of driver impairment after cannabis use.
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            Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance.

            Simon J. O’Hanlon, H W Robbe, J Ramaekers (2000)
            The objective of the current study was to assess the separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on actual driving performance. Eighteen subjects were treated with drugs and placebo according to a balanced, 6-way, crossover design. On separate evenings they were given weight calibrated Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses of 0, 100 and 200 &mgr;g/kg with and without an alcohol dose sufficient for achieving blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.04 g/dl while performing a Road Tracking and Car Following Test in normal traffic. Main outcome measures were standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), time driven out of lane (TOL), reaction time (RT) and standard deviation of headway (SDH). Both THC doses alone, and alcohol alone, significantly impaired the subjects performances in both driving tests. Performance deficits were minor after alcohol and moderate after both THC doses. Combining THC with alcohol dramatically impaired driving performance. Alcohol combined with THC 100 and 200 &mgr;g/kg produced a rise in SDLP the equivalent of that associated with BAC=0.09 and 0.14 g/dl, respectively. Mean TOL rose exponentially with SDLP. Relative to placebo mean RT lengthened by 1.6 s under the combined influence of alcohol and THC 200 &mgr;g/kg. Changes in SDH ranged between 0.9 and 3.8 m. Low doses of THC moderately impair driving performance when given alone but severely impair driving performance in combination with a low dose of alcohol. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial

              Thomas Arkell, Frederick Vinckenbosch, Richard Kevin … (2020)
              Cannabis use has been associated with increased crash risk, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on driving is unclear.
              Article 0 comments Cited 64 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Thomas R. Arkell:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8559-6995
                tarkell@swin.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cannabis Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Cannabis Res
                Title: Journal of Cannabis Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2522-5782
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 September 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 35
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.1027.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0409 2862, Centre for Mental Health and Brain Science, , Swinburne University of Technology, ; Melbourne, VIC Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [3 ]GRID grid.410692.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2105 7653, Drug and Alcohol Services, , South East Sydney Local Health District, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [4 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Department of Addiction Medicine, Faculty Medicine and Health, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [5 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [6 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, , University of Sydney, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8559-6995
                Article
                Publisher ID: 202
                DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00202-y
                PMC ID: 10481606
                PubMed ID: 37674243
                SO-VID: 1f0f8aeb-e373-44c7-ab7f-85950612d896
                Copyright © © Board of Governors of the Colorado State University System, acting by and through Colorado State University-Pueblo 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 11 July 2023
                Date accepted : 10 August 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Board of Governors of the Colorado State University System, acting by and through Colorado State University-Pueblo 2023

                Keywords: medical cannabis,thc,cbd,cannabinoid,driving,road safety
                Data availability:
                Keywords: medical cannabis, thc, cbd, cannabinoid, driving, road safety

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