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      Consistent differences in a virtual world model of ape societies

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          Abstract

          Practical and ethical constraints limit our ability to experimentally test socioecological theory in wild primates. We took an alternate approach to model this, allowing groups of humans to interact in a virtual world in which they had to find food and interact with both ingroup and outgroup avatars to earn rewards. We altered ratios and distributions of high- and low-value foods to test the hypothesis that hominoids vary with regards to social cohesion and intergroup tolerance due to their feeding ecology. We found larger nesting clusters and decreased attacks on outgroup competitors in the Bonobo condition versus the Chimpanzee condition, suggesting a significant effect of feeding competition alone on social structure. We also demonstrate that virtual worlds are a robust mechanism for testing hypotheses that are impossible to study in the wild.

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          Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution.

          Kevin E Langergraber, Kay Prüfer, Carolyn Rowney … (2012)
          Fossils and molecular data are two independent sources of information that should in principle provide consistent inferences of when evolutionary lineages diverged. Here we use an alternative approach to genetic inference of species split times in recent human and ape evolution that is independent of the fossil record. We first use genetic parentage information on a large number of wild chimpanzees and mountain gorillas to directly infer their average generation times. We then compare these generation time estimates with those of humans and apply recent estimates of the human mutation rate per generation to derive estimates of split times of great apes and humans that are independent of fossil calibration. We date the human-chimpanzee split to at least 7-8 million years and the population split between Neanderthals and modern humans to 400,000-800,000 y ago. This suggests that molecular divergence dates may not be in conflict with the attribution of 6- to 7-million-y-old fossils to the human lineage and 400,000-y-old fossils to the Neanderthal lineage.
          Article 0 comments Cited 214 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts.

            Michael Wilson, Christophe Boesch, Barbara Fruth … (2014)
            Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.
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              The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression

              Brian Hare, Victoria Wobber, Richard Wrangham (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bart J. Wilson: bartwilson@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 August 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 14075
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.254024.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9006 1798, Economic Science Institute & Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy, , Chapman University, ; Orange, CA USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.256304.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7400, Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Neuroscience Institute, Language Research Center and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, , Georgia State University, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.256069.e, Department of Psychology, Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, , Franklin and Marshall College, ; Lancaster, PA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.4367.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, Department of Anthropology, , Washington University, ; Saint Louis, MO USA
                [5 ]Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
                Article
                Publisher ID: 70955
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70955-6
                PMC ID: 7442632
                PubMed ID: 32826938
                SO-VID: 1ee1fbce-4f5d-4fca-bbcc-b7ae9fc856b3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 24 March 2020
                Date accepted : 6 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Award ID: DRMS-1658954
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: social evolution,animal behaviour,behavioural ecology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: social evolution, animal behaviour, behavioural ecology

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