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      La importancia médica del escorpionismo en Paraguay: revisión de la falla multisistémica asociada al envenenamiento y contribución a su diagnóstico diferencial Translated title: The medical importance of scorpionism in Paraguay: a review of the multisystemic failure associated with scorpion envenomation and contribution to its differential diagnosis

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El escorpionismo, como se denomina al cuadro clínico producido por la picadura de escorpiones tóxicos en humanos, es un problema de salud pública en áreas urbanas y rurales de la América Tropical, incluyendo Paraguay, asociado a pobreza y a la falta de acceso a antivenenos específicos. Aunque su prevalencia en Paraguay no ha sido aún evaluada, la presencia de especies de reconocida toxicidad que son propias del país junto a otras especies compartidas con los países limítrofes y el registro de envenenamientos severos en niños en el Departamento Central, demandan la revisión de esta patología para su conocimiento por los profesionales de salud y de investigación sobre el tema. En esta revisión, se describen el conocimiento actual sobre esta patología en Paraguay, las alteraciones fisiopatológicas ocasionadas por los componentes tóxicos presentes en el veneno escorpiónico en los principales sistemas fisiológicos que sirven de blanco farmacológico de las toxinas, además de aportar a su diagnóstico diferencial, con el fin de contribuir con el adecuado tratamiento de las víctimas de estos envenenamientos y a la comprensión holística de esta emergente enfermedad desatendida en el país.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Scorpionism, or the medical consequence of scorpion stings in humans, is a public health problem in urban and rural areas of Tropical America, including Paraguay, associated with poverty and the lack of access to specific antivenoms. Despite its prevalence, scorpionism in Paraguay has not been assessed before. The local distribution of toxic scorpion species that are endemic to Paraguay and shared with neighboring countries, and also the record of severe cases in children from the Central Department, demand a review of this pathology to enlighten health professionals and biomedical researchers on the subject. In this review, the current status of scorpionism in Paraguay is presented, along with the physiopathological alterations elicited by scorpion venoms on the various organ systems targeted by the toxins, and its differential diagnosis, with the intent to contribute with the adequate treatment of victims and the holistic understanding of this emerging neglected disease in the country.

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          Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress.

          Reversible left ventricular dysfunction precipitated by emotional stress has been reported, but the mechanism remains unknown. We evaluated 19 patients who presented with left ventricular dysfunction after sudden emotional stress. All patients underwent coronary angiography and serial echocardiography; five underwent endomyocardial biopsy. Plasma catecholamine levels in 13 patients with stress-related myocardial dysfunction were compared with those in 7 patients with Killip class III myocardial infarction. The median age of patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy was 63 years, and 95 percent were women. Clinical presentations included chest pain, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock. Diffuse T-wave inversion and a prolonged QT interval occurred in most patients. Seventeen patients had mildly elevated serum troponin I levels, but only 1 of 19 had angiographic evidence of clinically significant coronary disease. Severe left ventricular dysfunction was present on admission (median ejection fraction, 0.20; interquartile range, 0.15 to 0.30) and rapidly resolved in all patients (ejection fraction at two to four weeks, 0.60; interquartile range, 0.55 to 0.65; P<0.001). Endomyocardial biopsy showed mononuclear infiltrates and contraction-band necrosis. Plasma catecholamine levels at presentation were markedly higher among patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy than among those with Killip class III myocardial infarction (median epinephrine level, 1264 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 916 to 1374] vs. 376 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 275 to 476]; norepinephrine level, 2284 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 1709 to 2910] vs. 1100 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 914 to 1320]; and dopamine level, 111 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 106 to 146] vs. 61 pg per milliliter [interquartile range, 46 to 77]; P<0.005 for all comparisons). Emotional stress can precipitate severe, reversible left ventricular dysfunction in patients without coronary disease. Exaggerated sympathetic stimulation is probably central to the cause of this syndrome. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Acute pancreatitis: etiology and common pathogenesis.

            Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis have been intensively investigated for centuries worldwide. Many causes of acute pancreatitis have been discovered, but the pathogenetic theories are controversial. The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstone impacting the distal common bile-pancreatic duct. The majority of investigators accept that the main factors for acute billiary pancreatitis are pancreatic hyperstimulation and bile-pancreatic duct obstruction which increase pancreatic duct pressure and active trypsin reflux. Acute pancreatitis occurs when intracellular protective mechanisms to prevent trypsinogen activation or reduce trypsin activity are overwhelmed. However, little is known about the other acute pancreatitis. We hypothesize that acute biliary pancreatitis and other causes of acute pancreatitis possess a common pathogenesis. Pancreatic hyperstimulation and pancreatic duct obstruction increase pancreatic duct pressure, active trypsin reflux, and subsequent unregulated activation of trypsin within pancreatic acinar cells. Enzyme activation within the pancreas leads to auto-digestion of the gland and local inflammation. Once the hypothesis is confirmed, traditional therapeutic strategies against acute pancreatitis may be improved. Decompression of pancreatic duct pressure should be advocated in the treatment of acute pancreatitits which may greatly improve its outcome.
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              Inflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis.

              Inflammatory mediators play a key role in acute pancreatitis and the resultant multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which is the primary cause of death in this condition. Recent studies have confirmed the critical role played by inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, PAF, IL-10, C5a, ICAM-1, and substance P. The systemic effects of acute pancreatitis have many similarities to those of other conditions such as septicaemia, severe burns, and trauma. The delay between the onset of inflammation in the pancreas and the development of the systemic response makes acute pancreatitis an ideal experimental and clinical model with which to study the role of inflammatory mediators and to test novel therapies. Elucidation of the key mediators involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis will facilitate the development of clinically effective anti-inflammatory therapy. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rscp
                Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay
                Rev. Soc. cient. Parag.
                Sociedad Científica del Paraguay (Asunción, , Paraguay )
                0379-9123
                2617-4731
                December 2022
                : 27
                : 2
                : 122-152
                Affiliations
                [1] Asunción Asunción orgnameUniversidad del Pacífico orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Carrera de Medicina Paraguay
                [2] Asunción orgnameCentro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica Paraguay
                Article
                S2617-47312022000200122 S2617-4731(22)02700200122
                10.32480/rscp.2022.27.2.122
                1e234667-75c6-464e-bff3-b69e27464d0b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 July 2022
                : 08 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 76, Pages: 31
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos de Revisión

                síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo,diagnóstico diferencial,Paraguay,pancreatitis,falla multiorgánica,Tityus,escorpiones,escorpionismo,differential diagnosis,acute respiratory distress syndrome,multiorgan failure,scorpions,scorpionism

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