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      Effects of temperature and resource variation on insect population dynamics: the bordered plant bug as a case study

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          Abstract

          <p id="P1"> <div class="list"> <a class="named-anchor" id="L1"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <ol style="list-style-type: &#xA;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;decimal&#xA;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;"> <li id="d9407237e184"> <div class="so-custom-list-content so-ol"> <p class="first" id="P2">In species with complex life cycles, population dynamics result from a combination of intrinsic cycles arising from delays in the operation of negative density-dependent processes (e.g., intraspecific competition) and extrinsic fluctuations arising from seasonal variation in the abiotic environment. Abiotic variation can affect species directly through their life history traits and indirectly by modulating the species’ interactions with resources or natural enemies. </p> </div> </li> <li id="d9407237e187"> <div class="so-custom-list-content so-ol"> <p class="first" id="P3">We investigate how the interplay between density-dependent dynamics and abiotic variability affects population dynamics of the bordered plant bug ( <i>Largus californicus</i>), a Hemipteran herbivore inhabiting the California coastal sage scrub community. Field data show a striking pattern in abundance: adults are extremely abundant or nearly absent during certain periods of the year, leading us to predict that seasonal forcing plays a role in driving observed dynamics. </p> </div> </li> <li id="d9407237e193"> <div class="so-custom-list-content so-ol"> <p class="first" id="P4">We develop a stage-structured population model with variable developmental delays, in which fecundity is affected by both intra-specific competition and temporal variation in resource availability and all life history traits (reproduction, development, mortality) are temperature-dependent. We parameterize the model with experimental data on temperature-responses of life history and competitive traits and validate the model with independent field census data. </p> </div> </li> <li id="d9407237e196"> <div class="so-custom-list-content so-ol"> <p class="first" id="P5">We find that intra-specific competition is strongest at temperatures optimal for reproduction, which theory predicts leads to more complex population dynamics. Our model predicts that while temperature or resource variability interact with development-induced delays in self-limitation to generate population fluctuations, it is the interplay between all three factors that drive the observed dynamics. Considering how multiple abiotic factors interact with density-dependent processes is important both for understanding how species persist in variable environments and predicting species’ responses to perturbations in their typical environment. </p> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </p>

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          Most cited references39

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          Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

          Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.
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            The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change

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              Effects of body size and temperature on population growth.

              For at least 200 years, since the time of Malthus, population growth has been recognized as providing a critical link between the performance of individual organisms and the ecology and evolution of species. We present a theory that shows how the intrinsic rate of exponential population growth, rmax, and the carrying capacity, K, depend on individual metabolic rate and resource supply rate. To do this, we construct equations for the metabolic rates of entire populations by summing over individuals, and then we combine these population-level equations with Malthusian growth. Thus, the theory makes explicit the relationship between rates of resource supply in the environment and rates of production of new biomass and individuals. These individual-level and population-level processes are inextricably linked because metabolism sets both the demand for environmental resources and the resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction. We use the theory to make explicit how and why rmax exhibits its characteristic dependence on body size and temperature. Data for aerobic eukaryotes, including algae, protists, insects, zooplankton, fishes, and mammals, support these predicted scalings for rmax. The metabolic flux of energy and materials also dictates that the carrying capacity or equilibrium density of populations should decrease with increasing body size and increasing temperature. Finally, we argue that body mass and body temperature, through their effects on metabolic rate, can explain most of the variation in fecundity and mortality rates. Data for marine fishes in the field support these predictions for instantaneous rates of mortality. This theory links the rates of metabolism and resource use of individuals to life-history attributes and population dynamics for a broad assortment of organisms, from unicellular organisms to mammals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Functional Ecology
                Funct Ecol
                Wiley
                02698463
                July 2016
                July 2016
                November 19 2015
                : 30
                : 7
                : 1122-1131
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
                [2 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
                [3 ]Instituto de Física Teórica; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Rua Quirino de Andrade 215, São Paulo 01049-010 Brazil
                Article
                10.1111/1365-2435.12583
                5560498
                28824219
                1d8e742d-c99b-406b-a1c3-fddc77b0b602
                © 2015

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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