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      Cronobiologia e inclusão educacional de pessoas cegas: do biológico ao social Translated title: Chronobiolügy and educational inclusion of persons with blindness: from the biological to the social

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          Abstract

          Estudos sobre inclusão educacional têm apontado alguns caminhos para garantir a inserção da pessoa com deficiência no espaço regular de ensino. Entretanto, pouco se tem falado a respeito das implicações do ritmo circadiano na inclusão da pessoa totalmente cega nesse espaço. Assim, o presente artigo teve como objetivo descrever como o ritmo circadiano pode influenciar na inclusão educacional do aluno com deficiência visual. A partir da revisão literária foram apresentadas as ideias fundamentais a respeito da cronobiologia, ciência que estuda a capacidade dos seres vivos em expressar de forma recorrente e periódica o seu comportamento e a sua fisiologia. Uma de suas expressões tem uma duração próxima há 24 horas, conhecido como ritmo circadiano. Esse ritmo é regido pelo relógio biológico que é controlado pela luz. Entretanto, na ausência da luz, caso de pessoas totalmente cegas, quem passa a reger os ritmos circadianos é apenas o relógio biológico. Nessa condição, conhecida como livrecurso, as pessoas totalmente cegas podem apresentar uma queda no desempenho acadêmico de tempos em tempos por causa da sonolência excessiva durante as horas de estudo, além de distúrbio no humor, no alerta e na atenção. Neste contexto, se faz necessário a divulgação desse conhecimento para que sejam reconhecidas as condições de déficit de atenção, irritabilidade, isolamento social e/ou sonolência excessiva durante o dia, oriundas do livre-curso afim de respeitar a individualidade dos alunos totalmente cegos e garantir o acesso à inclusão educacional em sua completude.

          Translated abstract

          Studies of educational inclusion have indicated pathways meant to ensure the inclusion of people with disabilities within regular schools. Nevertheless, little has been mentioned about the implications of circadian rhythm regarding the inclusion of totally blind students in school. This article aims to describe how the circadian rhythm might influence educational inclusion of students with visual impairments. Based on a review of the literature, we present the main concepts of chronobiology-the science that studies the ability of living organisms to express their behavior and physiology recurrently over time. One of these expressions-known as the circadian rhythm-lasts for a period of 24 hours. This rhythm is regulated by a person's biological clock which is in turn regulated by daylight. However, in the absence of light, which is the case for those who are totally blind, it is up to the biological clock to regulate circadian rhythms. In this condition, known as free course, people who are totally blind may present reduced academic performance from time to time due to excessive drowsiness during study hours, not to speak of mood disturbances, lack of alertness and attention. Given such a context, this information should be divulged in order for conditions of attention deficit disorder, irritability, social isolation and/or drowsiness during daytime resulting from free course to be recognized, so as to respect the individual needs of students who are totally blind, ensuring them full access to educational inclusion.

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          Most cited references58

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          Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock.

          Light synchronizes mammalian circadian rhythms with environmental time by modulating retinal input to the circadian pacemaker-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Such photic entrainment requires neither rods nor cones, the only known retinal photoreceptors. Here, we show that retinal ganglion cells innervating the SCN are intrinsically photosensitive. Unlike other ganglion cells, they depolarized in response to light even when all synaptic input from rods and cones was blocked. The sensitivity, spectral tuning, and slow kinetics of this light response matched those of the photic entrainment mechanism, suggesting that these ganglion cells may be the primary photoreceptors for this system.
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            Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice.

            Although mice lacking rod and cone photoreceptors are blind, they retain many eye-mediated responses to light, possibly through photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. These cells express melanopsin, a photopigment that confers this photosensitivity. Mice lacking melanopsin still retain nonvisual photoreception, suggesting that rods and cones could operate in this capacity. We observed that mice with both outer-retinal degeneration and a deficiency in melanopsin exhibited complete loss of photoentrainment of the circadian oscillator, pupillary light responses, photic suppression of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase transcript, and acute suppression of locomotor activity by light. This indicates the importance of both nonvisual and classical visual photoreceptor systems for nonvisual photic responses in mammals.
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              Health in a 24-h society.

              With increasing economic and social demands, we are rapidly evolving into a 24-h society. In any urban economy, about 20% of the population are required to work outside the regular 0800-1700 h working day and this figure is likely to increase. Although the increase in shiftwork has led to greater flexibility in work schedules, the ability to provide goods and services throughout the day and night, and possibly greater employment opportunities, the negative effects of shiftwork and chronic sleep loss on health and productivity are now being appreciated. For example, sleepiness surpasses alcohol and drugs as the greatest identifiable and preventable cause of accidents in all modes of transport. Industrial accidents associated with night work are common, perhaps the most famous being Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Bhopal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbee
                Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial
                Rev. bras. educ. espec.
                Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Educação Especial - ABPEE (Bauru, SP, Brazil )
                1413-6538
                1980-5470
                December 2013
                : 19
                : 4
                : 519-530
                Affiliations
                [01] Jequié Bahia orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste, da Bahia orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde orgdiv2Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Estudos e Extensão em Cuidados à Saúde da Família em Convibilidade com Doenças Crônico-Degenerativas Brasil csquarcini@ 123456gmail.com
                [02] Campinas São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Campinas orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas orgdiv2Curso de Ciências do Esporte Brasil andrea.esteves@ 123456fca.unicamp.br
                Article
                S1413-65382013000400004 S1413-6538(13)01900400004
                1d470ea2-87f6-4443-9b1f-7575a532a622

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 June 2013
                : 07 December 2012
                : 14 June 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 54, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Ensaio

                Inclusão Educacional,Educação Especial,Understanding the Body,Educational Inclusion,Special Education,Compreensão do Corpo

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