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      Antimicrobial susceptibility trends and evolution of isolates with extended spectrum β-lactamases among Gram-negative organisms recovered during the SMART study in Spain (2011-2015) Translated title: Evolución de la sensibilidad y de los aislados productores de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido en microorganismos gramnegativos en el estudio SMART en España (2011-2015)

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          ABSTRACT

          Introduction

          The SMART ( Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance study monitors antimicrobial susceptibility and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli recovered from intra-abdominal infections (IAI).

          Material and methods

          Antimicrobial susceptibility of 5,343 isolates from IAI recovered in 11 centres during the 2011-2015 SMART-Spain program was analysed by standard microdilution (EUCAST criteria) and compared with that from 2002-2010. ESBLs were phenotypically detected.

          Results

          Escherichia coli, the most common isolate, significantly decreased in community acquired IAI (60.9% 2002-2010 vs. 56.1% 2011-2015, P=0.0003). It was followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae that increased both in the community (8.9% vs. 10.8%, P=0.016) and nosocomial (9.2% vs. 10.8%, P=0.029) IAI and P. aeruginosa, which significantly increased in community acquired IAI (5.6% vs. 8.0%, P=0.0003). ESBLs were more prevalent in K. pneumoniae (16.3%) than in E. coli (9.5%) of nosocomial origin and were more frequently isolated from elderly patients (>60 years). Considering all Enterobacteriaceae, ertapenem (92.3-100%) and amikacin (95.5%-100%) were the most active antimicrobials. Ertapenem activity, unlike amoxicillin-clavulanate or piperacillin-tazobactam, remained virtually unchanged in ESBL (100%) and non-ESBL (98.8%) E. coli producers. Its activity decreased in ESBL- K. pneumoniae (74.7%) but was higher than that of amoxicillin-clavulanate (14.0%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (24.0%). Interestingly, ertapenem susceptibility was maintained in >60% of ESBL isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam or fluoroquinolones.

          Conclusions

          SMART-Spain results support current guidelines which include ertapenem as empiric treatment in mild-moderate community-acquired IAI, particularly with ESBL producers. These recommendations will need to be updated with the recently introduction of new antimicrobials.

          RESUMEN

          Introducción

          El estudio SMART ( Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) monitoriza la sensibilidad antimicrobiana y las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en bacilos gramnegativos obtenidos de infecciones intraabdominales (IIA).

          Material y Métodos

          Se ha analizado la sensibilidad antimicrobiana (microdilución estándar, criterios EUCAST) y las BLEE (detección fenotípica) de 5.343 aislados de IIA en 11 centros del programa SMART-España durante 2011-2015 en comparación con 2002-2010.

          Resultados

          Escherichia coli, el microorganismo más prevalente, disminuyó significativamente en las IIA de origen comunitario (60,9% 2002-2010 vs. 56,1% 2011-2015, P=0,0003). Fue seguido en prevalencia por Klebsiella pneumoniae que aumentó tanto en IIA comunitaria (8,9% vs. 10,8%, P=0,016) como nosocomial (9,2% vs. 10,8%, P=0,029) y por P. aeruginosa que aumentó en la IIA comunitaria (5,6% vs. 8,0%, P=0,0003). Las BLEE fueron más prevalentes en la IIA nosocomial por K. pneumoniae (16,3%) que por E. coli (9,5%), siendo más frecuentes en pacientes de mayor edad (>60 años). Considerando todas las Enterobacteriaceae, ertapenem (92,3-100%) y amikacina (95,5%-100%) fueron los antimicrobianos más activos. La sensibilidad a ertapenem, al contrario que a amoxicilina-clavulánico o piperacilina-tazobactam, se mantuvo sin cambios en E. coli con (98,8%) y sin BLEE (100%). Su sensibilidad disminuyó en BLEE- K. pneumoniae (74,7%) pero fue mayor que la de amoxicilina-clavulánico (14,0%) o piperacilina-tazobactam (24,0%). Es de resaltar que esta actividad se mantuvo >60% en los aislados con BLEE resistentes a amoxicilina-clavulánico, piperacilina-tazobactam o fluoroquinolonas.

          Conclusiones

          El estudio SMART-España sustenta las guías actuales que incluyen al ertapenem como tratamiento empírico en la IIA leve-moderada comunitaria, en particular con BLEE. Estas recomendaciones precisaran actualizarse con la reciente introducción de nuevos antimicrobianos.

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          Most cited references24

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          The Surgical Infection Society Revised Guidelines on the Management of Intra-Abdominal Infection

          Previous evidence-based guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) were published by the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) in 1992, 2002, and 2010. At the time the most recent guideline was released, the plan was to update the guideline every five years to ensure the timeliness and appropriateness of the recommendations.
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            Infections Caused by Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Epidemiology and Management.

            Infections caused by resistant gram-negative bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent and now constitute a serious threat to public health worldwide because they are difficult to treat and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In the United States, there has been a steady increase since 2000 in rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, particularly among hospitalized patients with intraabdominal infections, urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and bacteremia. Colonization with resistant gram-negative bacteria is common among residents in long-term care facilities (particularly those residents with an indwelling device), and these facilities are considered important originating sources of such strains for hospitals. Antibiotic resistance is associated with a substantial clinical and economic burden, including increased mortality, greater hospital and antibiotic costs, and longer stays in hospitals and intensive care units. Control of resistant gram-negative infections requires a comprehensive approach, including strategies for risk factor identification, detection and identification of resistant organisms, and implementation of infection-control and prevention strategies. In treating resistant gram-negative infections, a review of surveillance data and hospital-specific antibiograms, including resistance patterns within local institutions, and consideration of patient characteristics are helpful in guiding the choice of empiric therapy. Although only a few agents are available with activity against resistant gram-negative organisms, two recently released β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations - ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam - have promising activity against these organisms. In this article, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of gram-negative organisms. In addition, an overview of treatment options for patients with these infections is provided.
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              A Review of Ten Years of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011

              Surveillance of antimicrobial agent resistance provides important information to guide microbiologists and infectious disease specialists understanding of the control and the spread of resistance mechanisms within the local environment. Continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the community and in local hospital environments is essential to guide effective empiric therapy. The Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) has monitored the in vitro susceptibility patterns of clinical Gram-negative bacilli to antimicrobial agents collected worldwide from intra-abdominal infections since 2002 and urinary tract infections since 2009. Resistance trends, with a particular focus on carbapenem resistance and the rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), were analyzed. Isolates from intra-abdominal infections (n = 92,086) and urinary-tract infections (n = 24,705) were collected and tested using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methods. This review presents carbapenem susceptibility and ESBL rates over ten years of SMART study analysis, including key publications during this period. The SMART study has proved to be a valuable resource in determining pathogen prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility over the last ten years and continues to provide evidence for regulatory susceptibility breakpoints and clinical decision making.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                Revista Española de Quimioterapia
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                0214-3429
                1988-9518
                12 July 2018
                April 2018
                : 31
                : 2
                : 136-145
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
                [2 ]Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]Servicio de Microbiología – Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
                [4 ]Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Son Espases e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Islas Baleares (IDISBA), Mallorca, Spain
                [5 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla e Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
                [6 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza. IIS Aragón, Spain
                [7 ]Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
                [8 ]Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
                [9 ]Facultad de Medicina UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
                [10 ]Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
                [11 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
                [12 ]Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
                [13 ]Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Bellvitge and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [14 ]Departamento Médico MSD España, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Rafael Cantón. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Carretera de Colmenar Km 9,1. 28034-Madrid. Spain. Phone. +34913368330. E-mail: rafael.canton@ 123456salud.madrid.org
                Article
                revespquimioter-31-136
                6159370
                29532655
                1d098744-23c3-4560-8b51-1cbcd3253c66
                © The Author 2018

                The article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

                History
                : 24 January 2018
                : 14 February 2018
                : 16 February 2018
                : 16 February 2018
                Categories
                Original

                surveillance study,intra-abdominal infections,carbapenems,extended spectrum β-lactamases,estudio de vigilancia epidemiológica,infección intraabdominal,β-lactamasas de espectro extendido

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