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      Traditional Chinese Medicine in Regulating Tumor Microenvironment

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          Abstract

          Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and integrated system containing a variety of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and stromal cells. They are closely connected with cancer cells and influence the development and progression of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important complementary therapy for cancer treatment in China. It mainly eliminates cancer cells by regulating TME. The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the crosstalk between tumor cells and TME, and to summarize the research progress of TCM in regulating TME. The review is of great significance in revealing the therapeutic mechanism of action of TCM, and provides an opportunity for the combined application of TCM and immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

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          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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              CD4+ T cell help in cancer immunology and immunotherapy

              Tomasz Ahrends, Cornelis Melief, Jannie Borst … (2018)
              Cancer immunotherapy aims to promote the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within a tumour, assist the priming of tumour-specific CTLs in lymphoid organs and establish efficient and durable antitumour immunity. During priming, help signals are relayed from CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells by specific dendritic cells to optimize the magnitude and quality of the CTL response. In this Review, we highlight the cellular dynamics and membrane receptors that mediate CD4+ T cell help and the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced antitumour activity of CTLs. We outline how deficient CD4+ T cell help reduces the response of CTLs and how maximizing CD4+ T cell help can improve outcomes in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Onco Targets Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Onco Targets Ther
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ott
                Title: OncoTargets and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-6930
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 April 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 17
                Pages: 313-325
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yan Wang; Xueqing Hu, Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Rd528 Zhangheng, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China, Email yanwang@shutcm.edu.cn; huxueqingtcm@163.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7600-4188
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6008-917X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 444214
                DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S444214
                PMC ID: 11016250
                PubMed ID: 38617090
                SO-VID: 1cfc22c9-b184-40c0-b441-a5a3315ed239
                Copyright © © 2024 Wang et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 31 October 2023
                Date accepted : 15 March 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 68, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Funded by: Shanghai Pujiang Program;
                Funded by: “Shu Guang” project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation;
                This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82122075, 82074232), Shanghai Pujiang Program (23PJ1412400), “Shu Guang” project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation (21SG43), Shanghai Frontier Research Base of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Trans-formation (2021KJ03-12), Three-year Plan Project of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZY(2021-2023)-0208) and Shanghai Youth Talent Support Program.
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: cancer,tumor microenvironment,traditional chinese medicine,anti-tumor effects
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: cancer, tumor microenvironment, traditional chinese medicine, anti-tumor effects

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