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      The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks

      review-article
      International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee
      a.e.gorbalenya@lumc.nl
      stuart.siddell@bristol.ac.uk
      kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov
      1
      Nature Microbiology
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Infectious diseases, Taxonomy, Virology, Microbial ecology, Classification and taxonomy

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          Abstract

          Virus taxonomy emerged as a discipline in the middle of the twentieth century. Traditionally, classification by virus taxonomists has been focussed on the grouping of relatively closely related viruses. However, during the past few years, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recognized that the taxonomy it develops can be usefully extended to include the basal evolutionary relationships among distantly related viruses. Consequently, the ICTV has changed its Code to allow a 15-rank classification hierarchy that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and may accommodate the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. The current taxonomies of three human pathogens, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1 are used to illustrate the impact of the expanded rank structure. This new rank hierarchy of virus taxonomy will stimulate further research on virus origins and evolution, and vice versa, and could promote crosstalk with the taxonomies of cellular organisms.

          Abstract

          Here, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses describe a new, expanded virus classification scheme with 15 ranks that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and better encompasses viral diversity.

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          Most cited references35

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          The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus : classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

          The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.
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            Marine DNA Viral Macro- and Microdiversity from Pole to Pole

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.e.gorbalenya@lumc.nl
                Journal
                Nat Microbiol
                Nat Microbiol
                Nature Microbiology
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2058-5276
                27 April 2020
                27 April 2020
                2020
                : 5
                : 5
                : 668-674
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Departments of Biomedical Data Sciences and Microbiology, , Leiden University Medical Centre, ; Leiden, the Netherlands
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2342 9668, GRID grid.14476.30, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, , Lomonosov Moscow State University, ; Moscow, Russia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2353 6535, GRID grid.428999.7, Archaeal Virology Unit, , Institut Pasteur, ; Paris, France
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1958 7073, GRID grid.431093.c, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, ; Alexandria, VA USA
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8198, GRID grid.34429.38, Departments of Food Science and Pathobiology, , University of Guelph, Guelph, ; Ontario, Canada
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, GRID grid.5337.2, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, , University of Bristol, ; Bristol, UK
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2151 2636, GRID grid.215654.1, The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, , Arizona State University, ; Tempe, AZ USA
                [8 ]Minehead, UK
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0393 3981, GRID grid.301713.7, MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, ; Glasgow, UK
                [10 ]ISNI 0000000120346234, GRID grid.5477.1, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, , Utrecht University, ; Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [11 ]GRID grid.417756.6, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, ; Budapest, Hungary
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0404 0958, GRID grid.463419.d, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, ; Beltsville, MD USA
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2218 4662, GRID grid.6363.0, Institute of Virology, , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, ; Berlin, Germany
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0388 7540, GRID grid.63622.33, The Pirbright Institute, ; Pirbright, UK
                [15 ]ISNI 0000000106344187, GRID grid.265892.2, Department of Microbiology, , University of Alabama at Birmingham, ; Birmingham, AL USA
                [16 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA USA
                [17 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, GRID grid.5326.2, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, National Research Council of Italy, ; Bari, Italy
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0816 8287, GRID grid.260120.7, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, , Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, ; Mississippi State, MS USA
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1302 4958, GRID grid.55614.33, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, ; British Columbia, Canada
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Nuffield Department of Medicine, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, , The University of Queensland, ; St Lucia, Queensland Australia
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8338 6359, GRID grid.12799.34, Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, , Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ; Viçosa, Brazil
                [23 ]Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD USA
                Article
                709
                10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x
                7186216
                32341570
                1cf139b3-01c7-4bf0-9202-48137495ca75
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 2 October 2019
                : 11 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: EU Horizon2020 EVAg 653316 project and LUMC MoBiLe program
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC);
                Award ID: MC_UU_12014/3
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 864.14.004.
                Funded by: National Scientific Research Fund grant NN128309
                Funded by: the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494
                Funded by: Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I.
                Categories
                Consensus Statement
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                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020

                infectious diseases,taxonomy,virology,microbial ecology,classification and taxonomy

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