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      A qualitative study on the working experiences of clinical pharmacists in fighting against COVID-19

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          Abstract

          Background

          The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed healthcare systems across the world. Along with the medical team, clinical pharmacists played a significant role during the public health emergency of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the working experience of clinical pharmacists and provide reference for first-line clinical pharmacists to prepare for fighting against COVID-19.

          Methods

          A qualitative study based on descriptive phenomenology was employed with face-to-face and audio-recorded interviews to study the working experience of 13 clinical pharmacists (including two clinical nutritional pharmacists). All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software.

          Results

          Four themes emerged from interview data, including roles of clinical pharmacists, working experiences of clinical pharmacists, psychological feelings of clinical pharmacists, and career expectations of clinical pharmacists.

          Conclusions

          The results contributed to a deeper understanding of the clinical pharmacists’ work experiences in COVID-19 and offered guidance to better prepare clinical pharmacists in participating in a public health crisis.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07419-8.

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          Most cited references29

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          Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations.

          Bridget O’Brien, Ilene Harris, Thomas Beckman … (2014)
          Standards for reporting exist for many types of quantitative research, but currently none exist for the broad spectrum of qualitative research. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and define standards for reporting qualitative research while preserving the requisite flexibility to accommodate various paradigms, approaches, and methods.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2643 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review

            W. Joost Wiersinga, Andrew Rhodes, Allen Cheng … (2020)
            The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a worldwide sudden and substantial increase in hospitalizations for pneumonia with multiorgan disease. This review discusses current evidence regarding the pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19.
            Article 0 comments Cited 2408 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study

              Qian Liu, Dan Luo, Joan Haase … (2020)
              Summary Background In the early stages of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China, the local health-care system was overwhelmed. Physicians and nurses who had no infectious disease expertise were recruited to provide care to patients with COVID-19. To our knowledge, no studies on their experiences of combating COVID-19 have been published. We aimed to describe the experiences of these health-care providers in the early stages of the outbreak. Methods We did a qualitative study using an empirical phenomenological approach. Nurses and physicians were recruited from five COVID-19-designated hospitals in Hubei province using purposive and snowball sampling. They participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews by telephone from Feb 10 to Feb 15, 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Haase's adaptation of Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Findings We recruited nine nurses and four physicians. Three theme categories emerged from data analysis. The first was “being fully responsible for patients' wellbeing—‘this is my duty’”. Health-care providers volunteered and tried their best to provide care for patients. Nurses had a crucial role in providing intensive care and assisting with activities of daily living. The second category was “challenges of working on COVID-19 wards”. Health-care providers were challenged by working in a totally new context, exhaustion due to heavy workloads and protective gear, the fear of becoming infected and infecting others, feeling powerless to handle patients' conditions, and managing relationships in this stressful situation. The third category was “resilience amid challenges”. Health-care providers identified many sources of social support and used self-management strategies to cope with the situation. They also achieved transcendence from this unique experience. Interpretation The intensive work drained health-care providers physically and emotionally. Health-care providers showed their resilience and the spirit of professional dedication to overcome difficulties. Comprehensive support should be provided to safeguard the wellbeing of health-care providers. Regular and intensive training for all health-care providers is necessary to promote preparedness and efficacy in crisis management. Funding National Key R&D Program of China, Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education in China.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiaojian Zhang: zhangxj_0524@163.com
                Zhao Yin:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-0962
                yinzhao0601@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Health Serv Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Health Serv Res
                Title: BMC Health Services Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6963
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 January 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 5 January 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 28
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412633.1, Department of pharmacy, , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, ; Zhengzhou, Henan China
                [2 ]GRID grid.413458.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9330 9891, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Guizhou Medical University, ; Guiyang, Guizhou China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-0962
                Article
                Publisher ID: 7419
                DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07419-8
                PMC ID: 8728479
                PubMed ID: 34986824
                SO-VID: 1c8063d7-0cca-4a1c-9e26-1e6ed1fb953a
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 27 April 2021
                Date accepted : 15 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006407, Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province;
                Award ID: 212300410255
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: novel coronavirus,covid-19,clinical pharmacists,working experiences,qualitative study
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: novel coronavirus, covid-19, clinical pharmacists, working experiences, qualitative study

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