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      Induction of lactation: an economic study of tool for dairy heifers with successive reproductive failures Translated title: Indução de lactação: levantamento econômico da utilização desta ferramenta em novilhas leiteiras com sucessivas falhas reprodutivas

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of the use of a lactation induction protocol in Holstein heifers. Were collected data of nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management pre and post-lactation period from 30 induction heifers (IG) and 30 pregnant heifers (CG). All animals were inseminated around 14 months of age and started lactation at 23±4 months. The animals of IG were heifers do not pregnant after two inseminations and natural service e were induced to lactation according to protocol: from the 1st to the 8th day, 30 mg of estradiol benzoate were administered daily, together with 300 mg of progesterone. From the 9th until the 14th, animals only received daily doses of 20 mg estradiol benzoate. On 16th day, 0.56 mg of sodium cloprostenol was administered and injections of 40 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate were administered daily from the 19th to the 21st day. On the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day, the animals received a dose of sometribove zinc. The animals of CG were managed according to the farm routine. The costs of the CG during pre and post lactation (nutrition, sanitary, reproduction management) e were higher than the IG, however, when evaluating the economic viability due to lower milk production, the induced group did not leave profit in the first year of use. When comparing the lactation induction with the sale of animals that did not conceive and purchase of animals for replacement, this last scenario showed itself as a better alternative.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica do uso de um protocolo de indução a lactação em novilhas da raça Holandês. Foram coletados dados econômicos do manejo nutricional, reprodutivo e sanitário pré e pós lactação de 30 novilhas induzidas à lactação (IG) e 30 novilhas prenhes (CG). Todos os animais foram inseminados em torno de 14 meses de idade e iniciaram a lactação com aproximadamente 23±4 meses. Os animais do IG foram novilhas que não conceberam após duas inseminações e monta natural, e foram induzidas à lactação com o protocolo: do 1° ao 8° dia receberam aplicação de 30 mg de benzoato de estradiol juntamente com 300 mg de progesterona. A partir do 9° dia até o 14° receberam 20 mg de benzoato de estradiol. No dia 16 ocorreu uma aplicação de 0.56 mg cloprostenol sódico e nos dias 19 ao 21, de 40 mg de dexametasona. Nos dias 1, 8, 15, e 22, os animais receberam 500 mg somatotropina recombinante bovina. Os animais do CG foram manejados conforme a rotina da propriedade. Os custos do CG durante o pré e lactação (nutrição, sanidade, reprodução) foram superiores ao grupo induzido. No entanto, ao avaliar a viabilidade econômica, devido a menor produção leiteira, o grupo induzido não deixou lucro na propriedade no primeiro ano de utilização. Ao comparar a indução de lactação com a venda de animais que não conceberam e a compra de animais para reposição, este último cenário mostrou-se como uma melhor alternativa.

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          Most cited references15

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          Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end?

          M C Lucy (2001)
          The dairy industry in the United States has changed dramatically in the last decade. Milk production per cow has increased steadily because of a combination of improved management, better nutrition, and intense genetic selection. Dairy farms are larger, and nearly 30% of the dairy cows in the United States are on farms with 500 or more cows. The shift toward more productive cows and larger herds is associated with a decrease in reproductive efficiency. Cows with the greatest milk production have the highest incidence of infertility, but epidemiological studies suggest that, in addition to milk production, other factors are probably decreasing reproductive efficiency in our dairy herds. The reproductive physiology of dairy cows has changed over the past 50 yr, and physiological adaptations to high milk production may explain part of the reproductive decline. Critical areas for new research include control of the estrous cycle, metabolic effects of lactation on reproduction, mechanisms linking disease to reproduction, and early embryonic mortality. Solving reproductive loss in dairy cows will not be easy because only a small number of research groups study reproduction in postpartum dairy cows. Therefore, the present research base will need to be expanded. For this to occur, research funding must be increased above its current level and a renewed emphasis must be placed on solving the emerging crisis of infertility in dairy cows.
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            A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows

            Fertility in dairy cows has declined over the past five decades as milk production per cow has increased. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this including issues of genetics, physiology, nutrition and management, and these factors have been investigated at the animal, organ and cellular level at critical time points of the productive life of dairy cows. This paper reviews the physiological events and their causes and consequences affecting fertility in dairy cows and summarises these in a downloadable poster. We consider the following points to have the greatest negative impact on fertility and that they need to be prioritised in efforts to ameliorate the problem (others have been included in the review). Firstly, minimise negative energy balance and resolve any infection of the post partum uterus. Secondly, expression and detection of oestrus followed by insemination with high quality semen (day 0). Thirdly, ovulation and fertilisation of a high quality oocyte (day 1). Fourthly, an early increase in progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum (days 3–7). Fifthly, the uterine endometrium must produce an early and appropriate environment to stimulate embryo development (days 6–13). This leads to sixthly, a large embryo producing adequate quantities of interferon tau (days 14–18) that alters uterine prostaglandin secretion and signals maternal recognition of pregnancy (days 16–18). Future strategies to improve dairy cow fertility are needed for the benefit of the dairy industry and for cow welfare and should be based upon an integrative approach of these events.
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              Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle.

              Increased capability for milk production has been associated with a decline in fertility of lactating cows. Nutritional requirements increase rapidly with milk production after calving and result in negative energy balance (NEBAL). NEBAL delays the time of first ovulation through inhibition of LH pulse frequency and low levels of blood glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) that collectively restrain estrogen production by dominant follicles. Up-regulation of LH pulses and peripheral IGF-I in association with the NEBAL nadir facilitates ovulation. NEBAL reduces serum progesterone concentrations and fertility. Diets high in crude protein support high milk yield, but are also associated with lower reproductive performance. High protein can result in elevated plasma urea concentrations that affect the uterine environment and fertility. Nutritional interactions resulting in poor fertility of high producing dairy cows include the antecedent effects of NEBAL and effects of high dietary protein.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                2019
                : 49
                : 12
                : e20180661
                Affiliations
                [2] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculdade de Veterinária orgdiv2Departamento de Patologia Brazil
                [3] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Núcleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensão em Pecuária (NUPEEC) orgdiv2Departamento de Zootecnia Brazil
                [4] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Veterinária, Núcleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensão em Pecuária (NUPEEC), orgdiv2Faculdade de Veterinária Brazil
                [1] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Departamento de Zootecnia, Núcleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensão em Pecuária (NUPEEC), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, orgdiv2Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782019001200701
                10.1590/0103-8478cr20180661
                1c520b06-464c-41c5-bb1e-7ed69e3f85c2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 August 2019
                : 21 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Animal Reproduction

                indução de lactação,novilhas,viabilidade econômica,induced lactation,heifers,economic viability

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