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      A review of the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment methods of inflammatory bowel disease

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          Abstract

          Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are classified as chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) which have similar symptoms and lead to digestive disorders and inflammation in the digestive system. The reason why they occur is still a mystery. A number of factors can be attributed to the prevalence of CD and UC, some of which include geographical location, inappropriate diet, genetics, and inappropriate immune response. Both diseases are more often diagnosed in urban areas compared to rural areas and both have their own challenges and side effects, but the patients can still have a good quality of life. Given the fact that the prevalence of this disease is higher at younger ages and that it disrupts half the life of the patient, it will, most likely, become a major health problem in the near future, even in developing countries. By reviewing valid scientific resources and evaluating new methods of addressing this disease, the present study aims to provide researchers and patients with new insights into this field and facilitate access to new treatments.

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          Increased short- and long-term risk of inflammatory bowel disease after salmonella or campylobacter gastroenteritis.

          Kim O Gradel, Hans Nielsen, Henrik C Schønheyder … (2009)
          Various commensal enteric and potentially pathogenic bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We compared the risk of IBD between a cohort of patients with documented Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis and an age- and gender-matched control group from the same population in Denmark. We identified 13,324 patients with Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis from laboratory registries in North Jutland and Aarhus counties, Denmark, from 1991 through 2003, and 26,648 unexposed controls from the same counties. Of these, 176 exposed patients with IBD before the infection, their 352 unexposed controls, and 80 unexposed individuals with IBD before the Salmonella/Campylobacter infection were excluded. The final study cohort of 13,148 exposed and 26,216 unexposed individuals were followed for up to 15 years (mean, 7.5 years). A first-time diagnosis of IBD was reported in 107 exposed (1.2%) and 73 unexposed individuals (0.5%). By age, gender, and comorbidity adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for IBD was 2.9 (2.2-3.9) for the whole period and 1.9 (1.4-2.6) if the first year after the Salmonella/Campylobacter infection was excluded. The increased risk in exposed subjects was observed throughout the 15-year observation period. The increased risk was similar for Salmonella (n = 6463) and Campylobacter (n = 6685) and for a first-time diagnosis of Crohn's disease (n = 47) and ulcerative colitis (n = 133). In our population-based cohort study with complete follow-up, an increased risk of IBD was demonstrated in individuals notified in laboratory registries with an episode of Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 141 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Diagnostics of inflammatory bowel disease.

            Susanna Nikolaus, Stefan Schreiber (2007)
            The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with its 2 main subforms, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is based on clinical, endoscopic, radiologic, and histologic criteria. This paradigm remains unchanged despite the advent of new molecular technologies for the examination of serum proteins and genetic sequences, respectively. The main innovations in diagnostic technologies include the development of more sophisticated endoscopic and noninvasive imaging techniques with the aim of improving the identification of complications, in particular malignant diseases associated with IBD. The future will see further progress in the identification of genetic susceptibility factors and of protein biomarkers and their use to describe the molecular epidemiology of IBD. It can be expected that future diagnostic algorithms will include molecular parameters to detect early disease or guide therapies by predicting the individual course of disease.
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              Acute gastroenteritis is followed by an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

              Julián Panés, Ana Ruigómez, Luis Rodríguez (2006)
              Bacterial intestinal infections have been implicated as a possible cause of exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We explored the relationship between infectious gastroenteritis and the occurrence of IBD using data from the General Practice Research Database. A cohort of patients aged 20-74 years with an episode of acute infectious gastroenteritis (n = 43,013) was identified. From the same source population, an age-, sex-, and calendar time-matched control group free of gastroenteritis was sampled (n = 50,000). Both cohorts were followed up for a mean duration of 3.5 years. The estimated incidence rate of IBD was 68.4 per 100,000 person-years after an episode of gastroenteritis and 29.7 per 100,000 person-years in the control cohort. The hazard ratio of IBD was 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-3.3) in the gastroenteritis cohort compared with the control cohort, and the excess risk was greater during the first year after the infective episode (hazard ratio, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.2-7.4). The relative risk of developing Crohn's disease in the gastroenteritis cohort was greater than that of ulcerative colitis, especially during the first year after the infective episode (hazard ratio, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.9-22.4). Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that infectious agents causing an episode of infectious gastroenteritis could play a role in the initiation and/or exacerbation of IBD.
              Article 0 comments Cited 100 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Med Life
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Med Life
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMedLife
                Title: Journal of Medicine and Life
                Publisher: Carol Davila University Press (Romania )
                ISSN (Print): 1844-122X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1844-3117
                Publication date (Print): Apr-Jun 2019
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 113-122
                Affiliations
                [1. ]Alimentary Tract Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
                [2. ]Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                [3. ]Faculty of Medicine, Medical doctor of Internal Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Forogh Nokhostin, Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Phone: +989163723286, E-mail: Forogh_Nokhostin@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JMedLife-12-113
                DOI: 10.25122/jml-2018-0075
                PMC ID: 6685307
                PubMed ID: 31406511
                SO-VID: 1c473e44-2fbf-423c-8a04-51182f88b04c
                Copyright © ©Carol Davila University Press
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2018
                Date accepted : 27 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: crohn’s disease (cd),inflammatory bowel disease (ibd),ulcerative colitis (uc),ibd treatment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: crohn’s disease (cd), inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), ulcerative colitis (uc), ibd treatment

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