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      Malignant Otitis Externa: How to Monitor the Disease in Outcome Estimation? Translated title: Malign Otitis Eksterna: Hastalığın Sonlanımının Tahmine Yönelik Takibi

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Malignant otitis externa (MOE) is a serious disease affecting mainly the elderly diabetic patients that may result in mortality. It was aimed to evaluate the relationship between treatment responses and clinical and radiologic parameters among progress of the disease. Secondary aim was to present our clinical outcomes in the treatment of malignant otitis externa.

          Method

          This study was retrospectively conducted in a single center. Reviewed data included history of complaints, duration of symptoms, addition of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, presence of surgical intervention, pathological findings, culture positivity and microorganism, laboratory findings, scintigraphy, imaging modalities and outcome of disease.

          Result

          A total of 26 cases with malignant external otitis including 17 females (65.4%) and nine males (34.6%) patients were included in our study. Duration of symptoms before the initiation of treatment, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment did not positively influence the outcome. Inflammatory markers and Peleg staging significantly reflected the treatment response.

          Conclusion

          Close monitoring of inflammatory parameters is the key point in the prediction of prognosis. Planning the management and predicting the outcomes rely on proper radiological and clinical assessment of the extent of disease. In the assessment of MOE, universal scoring systems should be preferred for pooling the data in comparable manner.

          ÖZ

          Amaç

          Malign otitis eksterna esas olarak yaşlı diyabetik hastaları etkileyen ve ölümle sonuçlanabilen ciddi bir hastalıktır. Hastalığın ilerleyişi arasında tedavi yanıtları ile klinik ve radyolojik parametreler arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. İkincil amaç, malign otitis eksterna tedavisinde klinik sonuçlarımızı sunmaktı.

          Yöntem

          Retrospektif olarak tek merkezde yapıldı. İncelenen veriler arasında şikayet öyküsü, semptomların süresi, hiperbarik oksijen tedavisi eklenmesi, cerrahi girişim varlığı, patolojik bulgular, kültür pozitifliği ve mikroorganizma, laboratuvar bulguları, sintigrafi, görüntüleme yöntemleri ve hastalığın sonucu yer aldı.

          Bulgular

          Çalışmamıza 17 kadın (%65,4) ve 9 erkek (%34,6) olmak üzere toplam 26 malign eksternal otitisli hasta dahil edildi. Tedaviye başlamadan önce semptom süresi, Hiperbarik oksijen tedavisi sonucu olumlu etkilemedi. Enflamatuar belirteçler ve Peleg evreleme, tedavi yanıtını önemli ölçüde yansıtıyordu.

          Sonuç

          Enflamatuar parametrelerin yakından izlenmesi prognoz tahmininde anahtar noktadır. Yönetimin planlanması ve sonuçların tahmin edilmesi, hastalığın derecesinin uygun radyolojik ve klinik değerlendirmesine dayanır. MOE değerlendirmesinde, verilerin karşılaştırılabilir bir şekilde havuzlanması için evrensel puanlama sistemleri tercih edilmelidir.

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          Most cited references15

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          Cranial nerve involvement in malignant external otitis: implications for clinical outcome.

          Malignant external otitis is an uncommon, potentially lethal infection of the temporal bone primarily affecting elderly diabetic patients. To determine whether cranial nerve involvement in malignant external otitis affects or predicts the clinical outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of malignant external otitis was established in 23 patients (average age, 71 yr; range, 39-87) based on inclusion criteria of severe pain, otitis externa refractory to conventional treatments, diabetes mellitus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection. Computed tomography confirmed temporal bone involvement extending outside the external auditory canal. Retrospective analysis of hospital records. Ten of 23 (43.5%) patients showed cranial nerve involvement. The following cranial nerves were affected: facial nerve (6/10), lower cranial nerves (combination of IX, X, XI, XII) (3/10), and extended nerve palsy (VI, VII, IX, X, XI) (1/10). Thirteen of 23 (56.5%) patients displayed no cranial nerve involvement. All patients were treated with long-term, high-dose antibiotic treatment dependent on the microbiological findings. All patients with lower cranial nerve palsy recovered normal function; however, the facial nerve palsy was significantly less likely to improve by medical treatment. Cranial nerve involvement did not affect the patient survival rate under an optimized medical treatment in our series.
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            The diagnostic criteria of malignant external otitis.

            The diagnostic criteria of malignant external otitis (MEO) have been reviewed. They were divided into two categories: obligatory and occasional. The obligatory criteria are: pain, edema, exudate, granulations, microabscess (when operated), positive bone scan or failure of local treatment often more than 1 week, and possibly pseudomonas in culture. The occasional criteria are diabetes, cranial nerve involvement, positive radiograph, debilitating condition and old age. All of the obligatory criteria must be present in order to establish the diagnosis. The presence of occasional criteria alone does not establish it. The importance of Tc99 scan in detecting osteomyelitis is stressed. When bone scan is not available, a trial of 1-3 weeks of local treatment is suggested. Failure to respond to such treatment may assist in making the diagnosis of MEO.
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              Usefulness of hybrid SPECT/CT in 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for bone and joint infections.

              White blood cell scanning with (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) has proven highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with suspected osteomyelitis. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of SPECT and transmission CT performed simultaneously using a hybrid imaging device for the functional anatomic mapping of bone and joint infections. (99m)Tc-HMPAO scintigraphy was performed on 28 consecutive patients: 15 with suspected bone infection (group 1) and 13 with suspected orthopedic implant infection (group 2). Planar scans were acquired 30 min, 4 h, and 24 h after injection. SPECT/CT was obtained 6 h after tracer injection, using a dual-head gamma-camera coupled with a low-power x-ray tube. In all patients, scintigraphic results were matched with the results of surgery or cultures and of clinical follow-up. (99m)Tc-HMPAO scintigraphy was true-positive for infection in 18 of 28 patients (for a total of 21 sites of uptake) and true-negative in 10 of 28 subjects. SPECT/CT provided an accurate anatomic localization of all positive foci. With regard to the final diagnosis, SPECT/CT added a significant clinical contribution in 10 of 28 patients (35.7%). In fact, SPECT/CT differentiated soft-tissue from bone involvement both in patients with osteomyelitis and in patients with orthopedic implants, allowed correct diagnosis of osteomyelitis in patients with structural alterations after trauma, and identified synovial infection without prosthesis involvement in patients with a knee implant. Our results indicate that SPECT/CT performed using a hybrid device can improve imaging with (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes in patients with suspected osteomyelitis by providing accurate anatomic localization and precise definition of the extent of infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medeni Med J
                Medeni Med J
                medj
                Medeniyet Medical Journal
                Istanbul Medeniyet University (Turkey )
                2149-2042
                2149-4606
                2021
                26 March 2021
                : 36
                : 1
                : 23-29
                Affiliations
                [1]Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
                [2]Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
                [3]Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes

                Ethics Committee Approval: This study approved by the Health Scienses University, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee, 27 April 2020, 2238.

                Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

                Funding: None.

                Informed Consent: Informed consent was taken from the participants of the study.

                Cite as: Yigider AP, Ovunc O, Arslan A, Sunter AV, Cermik TF, Yigit O. Malignant otitis externa: How to monitor the disease in outcome estimation?. Medeni Med J. 2021;36:23-9.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-0074
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-3066
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-8883
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-0450
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-7277
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1731-3233
                Article
                10.5222/MMJ.2021.36528
                8020189
                33828886
                1be47569-f446-4bc7-b842-54d2f2781a84
                © Copyright Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine.

                This journal is published by Logos Medical Publishing. Licenced by Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

                History
                : 25 January 2021
                : 8 March 2021
                Categories
                Original Study

                otitis externa,malignant; osteomyelitis,skull-base,otorrhea,outcome prediction,malign otitis eksterna,kafa tabanı osteomyeliti,otore,tedavi sonlanımı

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