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      Dental and Endodontic Management in a Patient with Familial X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets Translated title: Manejo Dental y Endodóntico en un Paciente con Raquitismo Hipofosfatémico Familiar Ligado al Cromosoma X

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: The term rickets refers to insufficient or retarded mineralization of the osteoide matrix. X-linked hypophosphatemic (XLH) rickets is a rare genetic disorder characterized by biochemical changes in bone mineralization due to inactivation of the phosphate regulating gene and primary defect of the osteoblasts. The aim of this article was to report a clinical case of XLH, its oral manifestations, periapical changes and dental management. A 31-year old woman female patient was referred to the school of dentistry with pain and sensitivity in the teeth. She had a childhood history of rickets, hypophosphatemia and alteration in Vitamin D. In the oral exam, enamel hypoplasia, microdontia, fistula, caries and periapical lesions and periodontal disease were diagnosed. The radiographic and tomographic exams exhibited the presence of periapical lesions involving various teeth with radiolucent images, suggestive of granuloma or periapical cysts. The treatme nt prioritized the urgency of eliminating pain and removing the foci of infection. Endodontic treatment began in the teeth that had fistula or periapical lesions and in parallel, oral hygiene guidance was provided and periodontal treatment was performed. There was an improvement in the clinical condition with reduction in inflammation and mobility of the teeth. Dentists and health professionals must evaluate the patient as a whole, considering the relations between systemic and oral health. Knowledge of systemic diseases associated with rickets and their characteristics is essential for making a correct oral diagnosis and planning the dental treatment.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: El término raquitismo se refiere a la mineralización insuficiente o retardada de la matriz osteoide. El raquitismo hipofosfatémico ligado al cromosoma X (XLH) es un trastorno genético caracterizado por cambios bioquímicos en la mineralización ósea debido a la inactivación del gen regulador del fosfato y al defecto primario de los osteoblastos. El objetivo de este artículo fue reportar un caso clínico de XLH, sus manifestaciones orales, cambios periapicales y manejo dental. La paciente, una mujer de 31 años, acudió a la Clínica de Semiología de la UFPR con dolor y sensibilidad en varios dientes. Tenía antecedentes infantiles de raquitismo, hipofosfatemia y alteración de la vitamina D. En el examen oral se diagnosticó hipoplasia del esmalte, microdoontia, fístula, caries y lesiones periapicales y enfermedad periodontal. Los exámenes radiográficos y tomográficos mostraron la presencia de lesiones periapicales en varios dientes con imágenes radiolúcidas, sugestivas de granuloma o quistes periapicales. El tratamiento priorizó la urgencia de eliminar el dolor y remover los focos de infección. Se inició tratamiento de endodoncia en los dientes que presentaban fístula o lesiones periapicales y paralelamente se brindó orientación de higiene oral y se realizó tratamiento periodontal. Hubo una mejoría en la condición clínica con reducción de la inflamación y movilidad de los dientes. Los odontólogos y profesionales de la salud deben evaluar al paciente como un todo, teniendo en cuenta las relaciones entre salud sistémica y oral. El conocimiento de las enfermedades sistémicas asociadas al raquitismo y sus características es fundamental para realizar un correcto diagnóstico oral y planificar el tratamiento odontológico.

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          Most cited references20

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          Tooth dentin defects reflect genetic disorders affecting bone mineralization.

          Several genetic disorders affecting bone mineralization may manifest during dentin mineralization. Dentin and bone are similar in several aspects, especially pertaining to the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which is secreted by well-differentiated odontoblasts and osteoblasts, respectively. However, unlike bone, dentin is not remodelled and is not involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. In contrast to bone, teeth are accessible tissues with the shedding of deciduous teeth and the extractions of premolars and third molars for orthodontic treatment. The feasibility of obtaining dentin makes this a good model to study biomineralization in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on two genetic diseases that disrupt both bone and dentin mineralization. Hypophosphatemic rickets is related to abnormal secretory proteins involved in the ECM organization of both bone and dentin, as well as in the calcium and phosphate metabolism. Osteogenesis imperfecta affects proteins involved in the local organization of the ECM. In addition, dentin examination permits evaluation of the effects of the systemic treatment prescribed to hypophosphatemic patients during growth. In conclusion, dentin constitutes a valuable tool for better understanding of the pathological processes affecting biomineralization. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Hypophosphatemic rickets: etiology, clinical features and treatment.

            Hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is a genetic disorder, which prevents sufficient reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal renal tubule, with increased phosphate excretion, resulting in rickets. The more common form of HR is an X-linked inherited trait, with a prevalence of 1/20,000. The defective gene is located on the X chromosome, but females may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. The less common form of HR is caused by autosomal-dominant transmission. Activating mutations of the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) gene and inactivating mutations in the phosphate regulating gene (PHEX gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome), involved in the regulation of FGF-23, have been identified and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these disturbances. A review of etiopathogenesis and clinical, differential diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of HR, with a particular emphasis on bone impairment, is reported.
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              Abnormalities in muscle density and muscle function in hypophosphatemic rickets.

              Animal studies suggest that hypophosphatemic rickets (HPR) is associated with muscle function deficits, but it is unknown whether humans with HPR have a muscle disorder.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijodontos
                International journal of odontostomatology
                Int. J. Odontostomat.
                Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Medicina (Temuco, , Chile )
                0718-381X
                March 2022
                : 16
                : 1
                : 81-87
                Affiliations
                [1] Curitiba PR orgnameFederal University of Paraná orgdiv1Department of Stomatology Brazil
                [2] Curitiba PR orgnameFederal University of Paraná orgdiv1Department of Stomatology Brazil
                [3] Curitiba PR orgnameFederal University of Paraná orgdiv1Department of Stomatology Brazil
                Article
                S0718-381X2022000100081 S0718-381X(22)01600100081
                1a9e544c-334a-4ce6-ab7c-7a7021abd987

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 January 2022
                : 30 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                raquitismo hipofosfatémico familiar,familial hypophosphatemic rickets,dental care,prevention and control,endodontic,tooth calcification,cuidado dental,prevención y control,endodoncia,calcificación dental

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