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      Diffusion weighted imaging: Technique and applications

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          Abstract

          Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a method of signal contrast generation based on the differences in Brownian motion. DWI is a method to evaluate the molecular function and micro-architecture of the human body. DWI signal contrast can be quantified by apparent diffusion coefficient maps and it acts as a tool for treatment response evaluation and assessment of disease progression. Ability to detect and quantify the anisotropy of diffusion leads to a new paradigm called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is a tool for assessment of the organs with highly organised fibre structure. DWI forms an integral part of modern state-of-art magnetic resonance imaging and is indispensable in neuroimaging and oncology. DWI is a field that has been undergoing rapid technical evolution and its applications are increasing every day. This review article provides insights in to the evolution of DWI as a new imaging paradigm and provides a summary of current role of DWI in various disease processes.

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          Most cited references88

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          MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging.

          P Basser, J Mattiello, D LeBihan (1994)
          This paper describes a new NMR imaging modality--MR diffusion tensor imaging. It consists of estimating an effective diffusion tensor, Deff, within a voxel, and then displaying useful quantities derived from it. We show how the phenomenon of anisotropic diffusion of water (or metabolites) in anisotropic tissues, measured noninvasively by these NMR methods, is exploited to determine fiber tract orientation and mean particle displacements. Once Deff is estimated from a series of NMR pulsed-gradient, spin-echo experiments, a tissue's three orthotropic axes can be determined. They coincide with the eigenvectors of Deff, while the effective diffusivities along these orthotropic directions are the eigenvalues of Deff. Diffusion ellipsoids, constructed in each voxel from Deff, depict both these orthotropic axes and the mean diffusion distances in these directions. Moreover, the three scalar invariants of Deff, which are independent of the tissue's orientation in the laboratory frame of reference, reveal useful information about molecular mobility reflective of local microstructure and anatomy. Inherently tensors (like Deff) describing transport processes in anisotropic media contain new information within a macroscopic voxel that scalars (such as the apparent diffusivity, proton density, T1, and T2) do not.
          Article 0 comments Cited 565 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy.

            M Moseley, Y. Cohen, J Mintorovitch … (1990)
            Diffusion-weighted MR images were compared with T2-weighted MR images and correlated with 1H spin-echo and 31P MR spectroscopy for 6-8 h following a unilateral middle cerebral and bilateral carotid artery occlusion in eight cats. Diffusion-weighted images using strong gradient strengths (b values of 1413 s/mm2) displayed a significant relative hyperintensity in ischemic regions as early as 45 min after onset of ischemia whereas T2-weighted spin-echo images failed to clearly demonstrate brain injury up to 2-3 h postocclusion. Signal intensity ratios (SIR) of ischemic to normal tissues were greater in the diffusion-weighted images at all times than in either TE 80 or TE 160 ms T2-weighted MR images. Diffusion- and T2-weighted SIR did not correlate for the first 1-2 h postocclusion. Good correlation was found between diffusion-weighted SIR and ischemic disturbances of energy metabolism as detected by 31P and 1H MR spectroscopy. Diffusion-weighted hyperintensity in ischemic tissues may be temperature-related, due to rapid accumulation of diffusion-restricted water in the intracellular space (cytotoxic edema) resulting from the breakdown of the transmembrane pump and/or to microscopic brain pulsations.
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              Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology.

              Dow-Mu Koh, David J Collins (2007)
              In this article, we present the basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) that can aid radiologists in the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of DW images. However, a detailed discussion of the physics of DWI is beyond the scope of this article. A short discussion ensues on the technical aspects of performing DWI in the body. The emerging applications of DWI for tumor detection, tumor characterization, distinguishing tumor tissue from nontumor tissue, and monitoring and predicting treatment response are highlighted. The challenges to widespread adoption of the technique for cancer imaging in the body are discussed. DWI derives its image contrast from differences in the motion of water molecules between tissues. Such imaging can be performed quickly without the need for the administration of exogenous contrast medium. The technique yields qualitative and quantitative information that reflects changes at a cellular level and provides unique insights about tumor cellularity and the integrity of cell membranes. Recent advances enable the technique to be widely applied for tumor evaluation in the abdomen and pelvis and have led to the development of whole-body DWI.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Radiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJR
                Title: World Journal of Radiology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-8470
                Publication date (Print): 28 September 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 785-798
                Affiliations
                Vinit Baliyan, Chandan J Das, Raju Sharma, Arun Kumar Gupta, Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Baliyan V wrote the paper; Das CJ has designed and concepted the article; Sharma R and Gupta AK perfomed literarure search and manuscript reviewing.

                Correspondence to: Chandan J Das, MD, Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India. docchandan17@ 123456gmail.com

                Telephone: +91-11-26593628 Fax: +91-11-26588663

                Article
                Other ID: jWJR.v8.i9.pg785
                DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i9.785
                PMC ID: 5039674
                PubMed ID: 27721941
                SO-VID: 19f571f9-e9ac-4283-9a8d-e29198058bff
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 29 February 2016
                Date revision received : 24 July 2016
                Date accepted : 11 August 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: diffusion weighted imaging,diffusion tensor imaging,onco-imaging,neuro-imaging
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diffusion weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, onco-imaging, neuro-imaging

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