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      Application of a real-time PCR assay to detect BK potassium channel expression in samples from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to freshwater# Translated title: Uso de PCR en tiempo real para la deteccción de la expresión del canal de potasio BK en muestras de salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) y trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aclimatadas a agua dulce

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          Abstract

          Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are two fish species that spawn in fresh water (FW) and, during development, acclimate to seawater (SW) by secreting excess NaCl to the environment. The salmon industry measures Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) activity as a molecular marker to determine the timing of smolt transfer from FW to SW. However, the lack of other accurate molecular markers of smoltification remains a major issue for the fish farming industry. The molecular mechanism of NaCl secretion in gills from SW-acclimated fish has a thermodynamic requirement to recycle K+ out of the cell via potassium channels therefore we hypothesised that potassium channel expression in gills may be a suitable candidate to monitor the smoltification process. In support of this hypothesis, we observed increased expression of BK potassium channel mRNA in gills from S. salar under conditions of high salinity (1.2%) compared to animals in FW. In this work, we designed a real-time PCR analysis in order to quantify mRNA levels of BK potassium channels in S. salar organ samples. We found differences in mRNA expression among gills, kidney and intestine. We also found a unique real-time PCR product in S. salar gills through melting curve analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and cDNA sequencing. This PCR product showed a 98% of identity with the BK channel portion recorded by the NCBI Database and was differentially expressed in gills, kidney and intestine. This real-time PCR assay may become an important tool to study BK potassium channels expressed in the gills of S. salar and its changes during smoltification as putative new candidate to monitor this process.

          Translated abstract

          El salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) y la trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) son especies que se reproducen en agua dulce y durante la smoltificación deben aclimatarse para vivir en agua de mar, gracias a la secreción del exceso de NaCl al ambiente. La industria salmonera utiliza la medición de la actividad de la Na+/K+ ATPasa como marcador molecular para determinar el tiempo de transferencia de los smolts al mar. Sin embargo, la baja precisión de este marcador es un importante problema en la industria. Como el mecanismo molecular de secreción de NaCl en las branquias en peces aclimatados al mar tiene el requisito termodinámico de reciclar el K+ fuera de las células por medio de canales de potasio, nosotros hipotetizamos que canales de potasio expresados en branquias podrían ser candidatos a potenciales nuevos marcadores para monitorear el proceso de smoltificación. En este trabajo se utilizó la técnica de PCR en tiempo real para medir la expresión de ARNm del canal de potasio BK. Se encontró expresión en branquias, riñón e intestino en animales aclimatados a agua dulce, así como también se encontró, de forma interesante, un aumento de la expresión del canal de potasio BK al aumentar la salinidad al día 7 específicamente en branquia. El producto amplificado por PCR en tiempo real es único y su secuencia posee un 98% de identidad con la porción del canal BK descrito en la base de datos del NCBI. Este ensayo de PCR en tiempo real podría ayudar al monitoreo de los cambios de expresión del canal de potasio BK durante la smoltificacion para estudiar si es posible usar este canal como marcador molecular en el futuro.

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          Most cited references30

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          The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste.

          The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself. The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system. Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain.
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            Methods for Nonlethal Gill Biopsy and Measurement of Na+, K+-ATPase Activity

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              Evaluation of potential reference genes in real-time RT-PCR studies of Atlantic salmon

              Background Salmonid fishes are among the most widely studied model fish species but reports on systematic evaluation of reference genes in qRT-PCR studies is lacking. Results The stability of six potential reference genes was examined in eight tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), to determine the most suitable genes to be used in quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses. The relative transcription levels of genes encoding 18S rRNA, S20 ribosomal protein, β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and two paralog genes encoding elongation factor 1A (EF1AA and EF1AB) were quantified in gills, liver, head kidney, spleen, thymus, brain, muscle, and posterior intestine in six untreated adult fish, in addition to a group of individuals that went through smoltification. Based on calculations performed with the geNorm VBA applet, which determines the most stable genes from a set of tested genes in a given cDNA sample, the ranking of the examined genes in adult Atlantic salmon was EF1AB>EF1AA>β-actin>18S rRNA>S20>GAPDH. When the same calculations were done on a total of 24 individuals from four stages in the smoltification process (presmolt, smolt, smoltified seawater and desmoltified freshwater), the gene ranking was EF1AB>EF1AA>S20>β-actin>18S rRNA>GAPDH. Conclusion Overall, this work suggests that the EF1AA and EF1AB genes can be useful as reference genes in qRT-PCR examination of gene expression in the Atlantic salmon.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                amv
                Archivos de medicina veterinaria
                Arch. med. vet.
                Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia, , Chile )
                0301-732X
                2015
                : 47
                : 2
                : 215-220
                Affiliations
                [01] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias orgdiv2Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology Chile fjmorera@ 123456uach.cl
                [02] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias orgdiv2Institute of Animal Science Chile
                Article
                S0301-732X2015000200013 S0301-732X(15)04700200013
                194c703f-5edb-45ab-b9dc-3f44e0852f51

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Chile

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                canal de potasio BK,PCR en tiempo real,Salmo salar,real time PCR,BK potassium channel

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