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      Violencia contra migrantes: comprensión del crimen organizado más allá de la violencia Translated title: Violence against migrants: understanding organized crime beyond violence

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Este artículo busca explicar por qué hay más violencia contra migrantes y transportistas en algunas regiones que en otras. Para esto, se compararon el ecosistema criminal (número y tipo de actores criminales en un territorio) y la resiliencia estatal (capacidad de un Estado para tomar medidas de combate contra el crimen organizado) en el Golfo del Urabá (Colombia) y Agadez (Níger), y se ofrece evidencia de otras cinco subregiones entre 2015 y 2022 utilizando datos del índice del crimen organizado del Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Se encontró que la violencia es un recurso del que tienen más incentivos los grupos jerárquicamente organizados para utilizar contra migrantes y transportistas que aquellos grupos criminales más pequeños o pobremente organizados. La hipótesis apunta únicamente a la violencia contra migrantes y transportistas. Más trabajo debe ser hecho para abordar otras formas de violencia del crimen organizado.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: This article seeks to explain why there is more violence against migrants and transporters in some regions than in others. We compare the criminal ecosystem (number and type of criminal actors in a territory) and state resilience (a state’s capacity to take measures to combat organized crime) in the Gulf of Urabá (Colombia) and Agadez (Niger), and provide evidence from five other subregions between 2015 and 2022 using data from the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime’s organized crime index. We found that violence is a resource that hierarchically organized groups have more incentive to use against migrants and transporters than smaller or poorly organized criminal groups. The hypothesis targets only violence against migrants and transporters. More work needs to be done to address other forms of organized criminal violence.

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          Whatever does not kill us: cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience.

          Exposure to adverse life events typically predicts subsequent negative effects on mental health and well-being, such that more adversity predicts worse outcomes. However, adverse experiences may also foster subsequent resilience, with resulting advantages for mental health and well-being. In a multiyear longitudinal study of a national sample, people with a history of some lifetime adversity reported better mental health and well-being outcomes than not only people with a high history of adversity but also than people with no history of adversity. Specifically, U-shaped quadratic relationships indicated that a history of some but nonzero lifetime adversity predicted relatively lower global distress, lower self-rated functional impairment, fewer posttraumatic stress symptoms, and higher life satisfaction over time. Furthermore, people with some prior lifetime adversity were the least affected by recent adverse events. These results suggest that, in moderation, whatever does not kill us may indeed make us stronger. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.
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            Theories of international regimes

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              How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                estfro
                Estudios fronterizos
                Estud. front
                Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico )
                0187-6961
                2395-9134
                2023
                : 24
                : e117
                Affiliations
                [1] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad del Norte Colombia reynellb@ 123456uninorte.edu.co
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-8533
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-6756
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6666-9944
                Article
                S0187-69612023000100106 S0187-6961(23)02400000106
                10.21670/ref.2306117
                1931c967-6b32-40f1-8596-9b898e64efda

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 August 2022
                : 21 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 100, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                asymmetry,violence against migrants,militarization,organized crime,migrant smuggling,asimetría,violencia contra migrantes,militarización,crimen organizado,tráfico de migrantes

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