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      Epidemiological aspects of retrovirus (HTLV) infection among Indian populations in the Amazon Region of Brazil Translated title: Aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo retrovírus HTLV entre populações indígenas da Amazônia brasileira

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          Abstract

          HTLV was initially described in association with a form of leukemia in Japan and a neurological disease in the Caribbean. It was soon shown that HTLV-II was endemic among Amerindians and particularly among Brazilian Indians. The Amazon Region of Brazil is presently the largest endemic area for this virus and has allowed several studies concerning virus biology, the search for overt disease, epidemiological data including detailed demographic data on infected individuals, clear-cut geographic distribution, definition of modes of transmission and maintenance within small, epidemiologically-closed groups, and advances in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. A new molecular subtype named HTLV-IIc was further described on the basis of genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This subtype is present in other areas of Brazil, indicating that the virus is additionally both a valuable marker for tracing past human migration routes in the Americas and a probable marker for social habits of the present human population. HIV, the other human retrovirus, is still not prevalent among indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon, but these groups are also easy targets for the virus.

          Translated abstract

          O HTLV foi descrito inicialmente associado a uma leucemia no Japão e a uma doença neurológica presente no Caribe. Logo foi evidenciado que o HTLV-II era endêmico entre Ameríndios e, particularmente, entre Índios brasileiros. A Amazônia brasileira é a maior área endêmica para o vírus e dessa forma, permitiu que fossem realizados vários estudos relacionados com a sua biologia, a busca de doença, informações epidemiológicas que incluíram uma bem definida distribuição geográfica, a definição dos modos de transmissão e manutenção do vírus em comunidades pequenas, epidemiologicamente fechadas, assim como contribuições para o diagnóstico laboratorial da infecção. Um novo subtipo molecular, denominado HTLV-IIc, foi adicionalmente descrito baseando-se no sequenciamento genético do vírus e na análise filogenética. Esse subtipo está presente em outras áreas do país, indicando que o HTLV também funciona como um marcador precioso das migrações humanas nas Américas no passado e um provável marcador dos costumes das populações atuais. O outro retrovírus humano, o HIV, ainda não é prevalente nas comunidades indígenas, apesar de que elas podem ser facilmente alcançadas em virtude das inúmeras facilidades de transmissão para o vírus.

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          Most cited references133

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          Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

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            A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia.

            Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is a human type-C RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) previously identified in and isolated from several patients with T-cell leukemias or lymphomas. The known virus isolates from the United States and Japan are closely related and are found in adults with an acute malignancy of mature T cells. A related retrovirus has been found in a patient (Mo) with a somewhat different disease (a T-cell variant of relatively benign hairy cell leukemia). Serum from Mo contains antibodies to the major internal core protein (p24) of HTLV. A T-cell line established from the spleen of Mo expresses HTLV antigens. However, HTLV from Mo is significantly different from all previous HTLV isolates in immunological cross-reactivity tests of p24. The usual prototype HTLV isolate is represented as HTLV-I, and the HTLV from Mo is represented as HTLV-II. Individual members of each subgroup may then be identified by subscript initials of the patient [for example, HTLV-I(CR), HTLV-I(MB), and HTLV-II(Mo)].
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              Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sézary T-cell leukaemia.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                August 2003
                : 19
                : 4
                : 901-914
                Affiliations
                [01] Belém PA orgnameUniversidade Federal do Pará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Laboratório de Virologia Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2003000400013 S0102-311X(03)01900413
                10.1590/S0102-311X2003000400013
                191f9962-a4c3-4749-bfc9-b96fd5eb6f4f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 March 2003
                : 19 March 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 80, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Review

                Índios Sul-Americanos,Retroviridae,Vírus Linfotrópico de Células T Humanas II,Amazonian Ecosystem,South American Indians,Human T-Lymphotropic Virus II,Ecossistema Amazônico

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