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      Classes de Estímulos por Bebês de até 24 Meses de Idade, Translated title: Stimulus Classes to Infants up to 24 Months Old

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          Abstract

          Resumo Neste estudo investigou-se a emergência de classes de equivalência generalizada, com inclusão de reforçadores específicos em bebês de 24 meses. Relações auditivo-visuais (AB e AC) foram ensinadas, com consequências específicas (D), para 5 bebês entre 18 e 20 meses de idade. Testes de nomeação e de relações emergentes foram realizados (BC, CB, AD, DE e EB, com semelhança física dos estímulos E e B). Três participantes formaram de classes de equivalência, incluindo os reforçadores específicos (ABCD), e dois deles apresentaram nomeação consistente. Dois participantes apresentaram desempenho correspondente à equivalência generalizada. Os resultados indicaram (a) a inédita formação de classes de equivalência generalizada com inclusão de reforçadores específicos em bebês, e (b) que a nomeação pode não ser condição necessária para a formação de classes.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract This study assessed the emergence of generalized equivalence classes, with the inclusion of specific reinforcers, by infants up to 24 months old. Auditory-visual relations (AB and AC) were taught, with specific consequences (D), for five infants aged between 18 and 20 months. Naming and emergent relations tests (BC, CB, AD, DE and EB, with B and E stimuli physically similar). Three participants demonstrated equivalence classes formation, including specific reinforcers (ABCD), and two of them presented consistent naming. Two participants demonstrated generalized equivalence classes. The results indicated the unprecedented formation of generalized equivalence classes with the inclusion of specific reinforcers in babies, and that naming may not be a necessary condition for the formation of classes.

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          Most cited references45

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          Equivalence relations and the reinforcement contingency.

          M Sidman (2000)
          Where do equivalence relations come from? One possible answer is that they arise directly from the reinforcement contingency. That is to say, a reinforcement contingency produces two types of outcome: (a) 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or n-term units of analysis that are known, respectively, as operant reinforcement, simple discrimination, conditional discrimination, second-order conditional discrimination, and so on; and (b) equivalence relations that consist of ordered pairs of all positive elements that participate in the contingency. This conception of the origin of equivalence relations leads to a number of new and verifiable ways of conceptualizing equivalence relations and, more generally, the stimulus control of operant behavior. The theory is also capable of experimental disproof.
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            On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior.

            We identify naming as the basic unit of verbal behavior, describe the conditions under which it is learned, and outline its crucial role in the development of stimulus classes and, hence, of symbolic behavior. Drawing upon B. F. Skinner's functional analysis and the theoretical work of G. H. Mead and L. S. Vygotsky, we chart how a child, through learning listener behavior and then echoic responding, learns bidirectional relations between classes of objects or events and his or her own speaker-listener behavior, thus acquiring naming-a higher order behavioral relation. Once established, the bidirectionality incorporated in naming extends across behavior classes such as those identified by Skinner as the mand, tact, and intraverbal so that each becomes a variant of the name relation. We indicate how our account informs the specification of rule-governed behavior and provides the basis for an experimental analysis of symbolic behavior. Furthermore, because naming is both evoked by, and itself evokes, classes of events it brings about new or emergent behavior such as that reported in studies of stimulus equivalence. This account is supported by data from a wide range of match-to-sample studies that also provide evidence that stimulus equivalence in humans is not a unitary phenomenon but the outcome of a number of different types of naming behavior.
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              Equivalence class formation in language-able and language-disabled children.

              Stimulus equivalence seems to have relevance to the study of semantics and of language more generally. If so, there may be a relation between language use and the demonstration of stimulus equivalence. This was examined in three groups of children ranging in chronological age and matched on a conventional measure of mental age: normally developing preschoolers, retarded children who used speech or signs spontaneously and appropriately, and retarded children who did not. All children were taught a series of four related discriminations and were then tested to determine if classes of equivalent stimuli had formed. All of the language-able children (retarded and normal) formed equivalence classes, whereas none of the language-disabled children did so. Although the exact nature of the relation between stimulus equivalence and language remains to be clarified, these results support the view that stimulus equivalence is a phenomenon with relevance to language.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ptp
                Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa
                Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.
                Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0102-3772
                1806-3446
                2021
                : 37
                : e37220
                Affiliations
                [1] São Carlos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Carlos Brazil
                Article
                S0102-37722021000100310 S0102-3772(21)03700000310
                10.1590/0102.3772e37220
                18e081ca-b321-4a25-9ba1-db24b58e8f8d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 June 2020
                : 24 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Ciências do Comportamento

                classes de equivalência generalizada,reforçadores específicos,bebês,symbolic behavior,stimulus control,generalized equivalence class,specific reinforcers,toddlers,comportamento simbólico,controle de estímulos

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