Tinnitus affects up to 21% of the adult population with an estimated 1% to 3% experiencing
severe problems. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a collection of psychological
treatments based on the cognitive and behavioural traditions in psychology and often
used to treat people suffering from tinnitus. To assess the effects and safety of
CBT for tinnitus in adults. The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the ENT
Trials Register; CENTRAL (2019, Issue 11); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; CINAHL; Web
of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished
trials. The date of the search was 25 November 2019. Randomised controlled trials
(RCTs) of CBT versus no intervention, audiological care, tinnitus retraining therapy
or any other active treatment in adult participants with tinnitus. We used the standard
methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were the impact
of tinnitus on disease‐specific quality of life and serious adverse effects. Our secondary
outcomes were: depression, anxiety, general health‐related quality of life, negatively
biased interpretations of tinnitus and other adverse effects. We used GRADE to assess
the certainty of evidence for each outcome. We included 28 studies (mostly from Europe)
with a total of 2733 participants. All participants had had tinnitus for at least
three months and their average age ranged from 43 to 70 years. The duration of the
CBT ranged from 3 to 22 weeks and it was mostly conducted in hospitals or online.
There were four comparisons and we were interested in outcomes at end of treatment,
and 6 and 12 months follow‐up. The results below only refer to outcomes at end of
treatment due to an absence of evidence at the other follow‐up time points. CBT versus
no intervention/wait list control Fourteen studies compared CBT with no intervention/wait
list control. For the primary outcome, CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus on quality
of life at treatment end (standardised mean difference (SMD) ‐0.56, 95% confidence
interval (CI) ‐0.83 to ‐0.30; 10 studies; 537 participants; low certainty). Re‐expressed
as a score on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI; range 0 to 100) this is equivalent
to a score 10.91 points lower in the CBT group, with an estimated minimal clinically
important difference (MCID) for this scale being 7 points. Seven studies, rated as
moderate certainty , either reported or informed us via personal communication about
serious adverse effects. CBT probably results in little or no difference in adverse
effects: six studies reported none and in one study one participant in the CBT condition
worsened (risk ratio (RR) 3.00, 95% CI 0.13 to 69.87). For the secondary outcomes,
CBT may result in a slight reduction in depression (SMD ‐0.34, 95% CI‐0.60 to ‐0.08;
8 studies; 502 participants; low certainty). However, we are uncertain whether CBT
reduces anxiety, improves health‐related quality of life or reduces negatively biased
interpretations of tinnitus (all very low certainty). From seven studies, no other
adverse effects were reported (moderate certainty). CBT versus audiological care Three
studies compared CBT with audiological care. CBT probably reduces the impact of tinnitus
on quality of life when compared with audiological care as measured by the THI (range
0 to 100; mean difference (MD) ‐5.65, 95% CI ‐9.79 to ‐1.50; 3 studies; 444 participants)
(moderate certainty; MCID = 7 points). No serious adverse effects occurred in the
two included studies reporting these, thus risk ratios were not calculated (moderate
certainty). The evidence suggests that CBT may slightly reduce depression but may
result in little or no difference in anxiety or health‐related quality of life (all
low certainty) when compared with audiological care. CBT may reduce negatively biased
interpretations of tinnitus when compared with audiological care (low certainty).
No other adverse effects were reported for either group (moderate certainty). CBT
versus tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) One study compared CBT with TRT (including
bilateral sound generators as per TRT protocol). CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus
on quality of life as measured by the THI when compared with TRT (range 0 to 100)
(MD ‐15.79, 95% CI ‐27.91 to ‐3.67; 1 study; 42 participants; low certainty). For
serious adverse effects three participants deteriorated during the study: one in
the CBT (n = 22) and two in the TRT group (n = 20) (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.64;
low certainty). We are uncertain whether CBT reduces depression and anxiety or improves
health‐related quality of life (low certainty). CBT may reduce negatively biased interpretations
of tinnitus. No data were available for other adverse effects. CBT versus other
active control Sixteen studies compared CBT with another active control (e.g. relaxation,
information, Internet‐based discussion forums). CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus
on quality of life when compared with other active treatments (SMD ‐0.30, 95% CI ‐0.55
to ‐0.05; 12 studies; 966 participants; low certainty). Re‐expressed as a THI score
this is equivalent to 5.84 points lower in the CBT group than the other active control
group (MCID = 7 points). One study reported that three participants deteriorated:
one in the CBT and two in the information only group (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.16 to 18.36;
low certainty). CBT may reduce depression and anxiety (both low certainty). We are
uncertain whether CBT improves health‐related quality of life compared with other
control. CBT probably reduces negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus compared
with other treatments. No data were available for other adverse effects. CBT may
be effective in reducing the negative impact that tinnitus can have on quality of
life. There is, however, an absence of evidence at 6 or 12 months follow‐up. There
is also some evidence that adverse effects may be rare in adults with tinnitus receiving
CBT, but this could be further investigated. CBT for tinnitus may have small additional
benefit in reducing symptoms of depression although uncertainty remains due to concerns
about the quality of the evidence. Overall, there is limited evidence for CBT for
tinnitus improving anxiety, health‐related quality of life or negatively biased interpretations
of tinnitus. Cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with tinnitus What is the aim
of this review? The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if cognitive behavioural
therapy (CBT) is effective for tinnitus. Cochrane researchers collected and analysed
all relevant studies to answer this question. Key messages There is some low‐ to moderate‐certainty
evidence that CBT may reduce the negative impact that tinnitus can have on quality
of life at the end of treatment, with few or no adverse effects (although further
research on this is needed). What was studied in the review? Tinnitus is the perception
of sound in the ear or head without any outside source. It is often described as a
ringing, hissing, buzzing or whooshing sound. Tinnitus is mostly managed with education
and/or counselling, relaxation therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy and ear‐level
sound generators or hearing aids. CBT is a form of talking therapy that aims to change
the patient's emotional and/or behavioural response to their tinnitus. This review
looked at studies of CBT for adults who had had tinnitus for at least three months.
Participants in the control groups either received no intervention, audiological (hearing)
care, tinnitus retraining therapy or another type of treatment. The review authors
studied the effect of CBT on tinnitus‐related quality of life, adverse effects, depression,
anxiety, general quality of life and negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus.
What are the main results of the review? We found 28 relevant studies, mostly from
Europe, with a total of 2733 participants. The participants receiving CBT had treatment
for between three and 22 weeks (mostly in clinics or online). When CBT was compared
to no intervention there was low‐certainty evidence that CBT may reduce the negative
impact of tinnitus on quality of life at the end of treatment. It is not known whether
this effect persists in the longer term (six or 12 months). There were few or no adverse
effects (only one adverse effect was reported in one participant among seven studies).
CBT may also slightly reduce depression (low‐certainty evidence) and may reduce anxiety,
although this finding is very uncertain. It is also uncertain whether CBT improves
general quality of life or negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus. Compared
to audiological care, tinnitus retraining therapy and other types of treatment, there
were findings that CBT probably reduces the negative impact of tinnitus on quality
of life. The certainty of this evidence ranged from moderate to low. Where reported,
there were few adverse effects and no significant differences between the groups.
For depression, anxiety and general quality of life the results were more mixed and
the evidence less certain. There is moderate‐certainty evidence that CBT may reduce
negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus compared to other types of treatment,
but compared to audiological care and tinnitus retraining therapy the evidence is
less certain. How up to date is this review? The review authors searched for studies
that had been published up to November 2019.