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      ZnO prepared by solution combustion synthesis: characterization and application as photoanode

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          Abstract

          In this work photoelectrodes based on ZnO produced from combustion synthesis were prepared in a simple and efficient way, directly on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO), in the presence of different fuels: citric acid, glycine and urea, and undergoing heat treatment at 500 and 600 ºC. The films were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements in the presence and absence of light. The reducing power of each fuel was investigated, as well as low temperature heat treatment was crucial to the available surface area of the formed ZnO materials. The complete conversion to zinc oxide at low calcination temperatures, as well as the particle size were crucial for the photoeletrocatalytic efficiency, since the photoelectrode fuel obtained with glycine and treated at 500 ºC showed better response of the photocurrent (103 µA cm-2 mg-1) and the kinetic parameters (22.9 × 10-3 min-1 cm-2 mg-1) for the photoelectrocatalysis of methylene blue dye under UV irradiation.

          Translated abstract

          No presente trabalho foram confeccionados de maneira simples e eficiente fotoeletrodos baseados em ZnO produzidos a partir de síntese de combustão, diretamente na superfície de óxido de índio dopado com estanho (ITO), na presença de diferentes combustíveis: ácido cítrico, glicina e ureia, submetidos a tratamento térmico em 500 e 600 ºC. Os filmes foram caracterizados por análise termogravimétrica, difratometria de raios X, Raman, refletância difusa, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e medidas eletroquímicas, na presença e ausência de luz. O poder redutor de cada combustível investigado, bem como baixas temperaturas de tratamento térmico foram determinantes para a área superficial disponível dos materiais de ZnO formados. A completa conversão a óxido de zinco a baixas temperaturas de calcinação, bem como o tamanho das partículas foram determinantes para a eficiência fotoeletrocatalítica. O fotoeletrodo obtido ao utilizar a glicina como combustível da síntese e tratado a 500 ºC, por 2 h, apresentou melhor resposta em relação a fotocorrente (103 µA cm-2 mg-1) e aos parâmetros cinéticos (22,9 × 10-3 min-1 cm-2 mg-1) para a fotoeletrocatálise do corante azul de metileno, sob irradiação UV.

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          Most cited references52

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          Cucurbiturils: from synthesis to high-affinity binding and catalysis.

          In the wide area of supramolecular chemistry, cucurbit[n]urils (CBn) present themselves as a young family of molecular containers, able to form stable complexes with various guests, including drug molecules, amino acids and peptides, saccharides, dyes, hydrocarbons, perfluorinated hydrocarbons, and even high molecular weight guests such as proteins (e.g., human insulin). Since the discovery of the first CBn, CB6, the field has seen tremendous growth with respect to the synthesis of new homologues and derivatives, the discovery of record binding affinities of guest molecules in their hydrophobic cavity, and associated applications ranging from sensing to drug delivery. In this review, we discuss in detail the fundamental properties of CBn homologues and their cyclic derivatives with a focus on their synthesis and their applications in catalysis.
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            Enantioselective catalysis of photochemical reactions.

            The nature of the excited state renders the development of chiral catalysts for enantioselective photochemical reactions a considerable challenge. The absorption of a 400 nm photon corresponds to an energy uptake of approximately 300 kJ mol(-1) . Given the large distance to the ground state, innovative concepts are required to open reaction pathways that selectively lead to a single enantiomer of the desired product. This Review outlines the two major concepts of homogenously catalyzed enantioselective processes. The first part deals with chiral photocatalysts, which intervene in the photochemical key step and induce an asymmetric induction in this step. In the second part, reactions are presented in which the photochemical excitation is mediated by an achiral photocatalyst and the transfer of chirality is ensured by a second chiral catalyst (dual catalysis).
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              Nanocomposite heterojunctions as sunlight-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting.

              Hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting using sunlight has enormous potential in solving the worldwide energy and environmental crisis. The key challenge in this process is to develop efficient photocatalysts which must satisfy several criteria such as high chemical and photochemical stability, effective charge separation and strong sunlight absorption. The combination of different semiconductors to create composite materials offers a promising way to achieve efficient photocatalysts because doing so can improve the charge separation, light absorption and stability of the photocatalysts. In this review article, we summarized the most recent studies on semiconductor composites for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. After a general introduction about the photocatalysis phenomenon, typical heterojunctions of widely studied heterogeneous semiconductors, including titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide and graphitic carbon nitride are discussed in detail.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                June 2014
                : 25
                : 6
                : 1091-1100
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50532014000600014
                10.5935/0103-5053.20140085
                18cbdd82-0767-43fa-a0f5-fbb3f1f2b059

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                zinc oxide,combustion solution synthesis,discoloration,photocurrent,methylene blue

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