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      Obstrucción de válvula protésica mitral tardía por trombo. Presentación de un caso clínico Translated title: Late Prosthetic Mitral Valve Obstruction Caused by Thrombus. A Clinical Case Presentation

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          Abstract

          Las prótesis valvulares pueden presentar cuadros obstructivos a lo largo de su evolución, las causas más frecuentes son la trombosis y, a largo plazo, la instauración de tejido cicatrizal. La trombosis de una válvula protésica es una complicación que puede comprometer seriamente la vida. Se presenta el caso de un paciente portador de una obstrucción de prótesis valvular por trombo de aparición tardía, al cual se le realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con evolución satisfactoria. Al paciente se le había practicado una sustitución valvular por prótesis mecánica monodisco, 21 años atrás, y había presentado cuadros obstructivos en otros momentos, que se resolvieron con tratamiento médico. En esta ocasión fue necesario reintervenirlo quirúrgicamente, por la magnitud de la enfermedad, y sustituir, además de la válvula mitral protésica, la válvula aórtica nativa que también había enfermado.

          Translated abstract

          Prosthetic valves may present obstructions along their evolutions. The most common causes are thrombosis and the proliferation of scar tissue at long term. The prosthetic valve thrombosis is a complication that can seriously compromise patient’s life. The case of a patient with a late prosthetic valve obstruction caused by thrombus is presented. The patient underwent surgical treatment with a satisfactory outcome. In a surgery performed 21 years before, the patient had undergone a single disc mechanical prosthetic valve replacement. Obstructions had appeared more than once before, but they had been controlled with medical treatment. This obstruction had to be surgically treated because of the magnitude of the disease. Furthermore, the prosthetic mitral valve had to be replaced, as well as the aortic valve that at this point was also compromised.

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          Most cited references11

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          Reoperations for acute prosthetic thrombosis and pannus: an assessment of rates, relationship and risk.

          Mechanical valvular prostheses have the advantage of longevity but carry a risk of thrombosis which is dependant on valve design, materials and host-related interface. While pannus is common to both biologic and mechanical valves, acute prosthetic thrombosis is mostly a complication of mechanical valves; therefore we investigated to find rates and risk of these obstructive complications. Between 1/1/70 and 31/12/97, 2680 patients received at least one mechanical prosthesis in the aortic or mitral or tricuspid position and a total of 3014 operations were performed. Follow-up included 18523 years and was 98% complete. Incidence rates, Kaplan-Meier estimates, modeling of the hazard and multivariate analysis in the hazard domain were used in the analysis. Overall survival was 76%, 64%, 51%, 38.5% and 29% at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years, respectively. It was significantly better in aortic than in mitral than in double prosthesis. 290 patients received a single reoperation, 37 a second, six a third and one a fourth reoperation. Two-hundred and fifty-one of these reoperations were exclusively due to malfunction of mechanical prosthesis, nine to malfunction of both mechanic and biologic prostheses. Most frequent reoperative indications was dehiscence (133), pannus (48) and thrombosis (29). The linearized rate of reoperations for pannus was 0.24%/patient per year, for valvular thrombosis 0.15%/patient per year. The shape of the thrombotic hazard was constant (at random) and the relative risk 12 times higher for tricuspid prosthesis, seven times higher for mitral prosthesis. Multivariate analysis controlling for prosthetic position, age, sex and prosthetic size, showed a 67% risk reduction with larger prosthesis (>27 mm), a 69% risk reduction with the Sorin tilting disk prosthesis and an 83% risk reduction with the bileaflet prosthesis. Pannus hazard shows a delayed exponential rise and was two times higher in tricuspid and three times higher in mitral position. Multivariate analysis showed a 50% risk reduction with larger prosthesis, an 11 times higher hazard of old (caged-disk, caged ball) prosthesis and a three times higher hazard of Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis. Reoperation for thrombosis has a 62% perioperative (30 days) survival compared to 92% survival of pannus reoperation. Mechanical valves have a low incidence of reoperation, mostly for prosthetic dehiscence. Pannus development is the next frequent complication increasing with time since implant, therefore in this series it was related to old valvular models and tilting disk prosthesis, with longer follow-up. Acute thrombosis occurs significantly earlier than pannus formation. Despite shorter follow-up we are therefore confident that bileaflet prostheses are less prone to this complication and pannus is a rare early etiologic factor. Thrombosis has very high operative risk as compared to pannus, justifying the present trend to thrombolysate selected cases.
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            Risk of repeat mitral valve replacement for failed mitral valve prostheses.

            Advances in tissue prosthetic valve design and manufacturing have stimulated renewed interest in the use of biological valves in younger patients. This approach, however, risks reoperation. We therefore reviewed our recent experience with repeat mitral valve replacement to better define its contemporary risks. Using a computerized database, we identified and compared 106 patients undergoing repeat mitral valve replacement with 562 control patients undergoing primary mitral valve replacement between January 1993 and December 2000 at our institution. There were no significant differences between repeat and primary surgery groups with respect to age (mean 66 +/- 12 vs 64 +/- 13 years), gender distribution (women 65% vs 64%), preoperative functional class, ejection fraction, or active endocarditis (6.6% vs 3.4%). The indication for reoperation in the repeat group was structural dysfunction in 49 patients (46%), paravalvular leak in 21 patients (20%), nonstructural dysfunction in 11 patients (10%), and progression of other native valve disease in 8 patients (8%). Prior prostheses were mechanical in 46 patients (43%). Mean time to reoperation was 11.5 +/- 7.1 years. There were 5 deaths out of 106 patients in the repeat group (4.7%) and there were 23 deaths out of 562 patients in the control group (4.1%) (p = NS). Multivariate analysis identified prior myocardial infarction (p = 0.014, odds ratio 2.9) and nonelective surgical status (p = 0.004, odds ratio 2.3) as significant predictors of operative mortality. The risk of repeat mitral valve replacement was low suggesting that there should be less reluctance to recommend patients choose a bioprosthesis over a mechanical prosthesis. Given the expected durability of current designs, bioprosthetic use may be explored in younger patients without subjecting those individuals to excessive risk.
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              Obstruction of mechanical heart valve prostheses: clinical aspects and surgical management.

              One hundred patients (32 male) aged 5 months to 82 years (median 32 years) underwent 106 surgical procedures for 112 mechanical prosthetic valves obstructed by a thrombus (n = 61) or pannus (n = 7), or both (n = 44), between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1989. The position of the obstructed prosthesis was aortic in 51 patients (48%), mitral in 49 (46%) and both aortic and mitral in 6 (6%). The types of obstructed prosthetic valves were Björk-Shiley (n = 51), St. Jude (n = 41) and Medtronic-Hall (n = 20). The time interval between valve replacement and obstruction ranged from 6 weeks to 13 years (median 4 years). Of 63% of patients in whom coagulation variables were available at the time of obstruction, 70% were receiving inadequate anticoagulant therapy. In 63% of the procedures the patient was in New York Heart Association functional class IV. Two patients underwent preoperative thrombolysis with incomplete results. Operative procedures included valve replacement (n = 81), valve declotting and excision of pannus (n = 23) and aortic valve replacement and mitral valve declotting (n = 2). The early mortality rate was 12.3% (13 patients), and there was no difference between surgery for mitral prostheses (12.2%) versus aortic prostheses (13.7%). The perioperative mortality rate was 17.5% (11 of 63 patients) in patients in functional class IV and 4.7% (2 of 43 patients) in those in functional classes I to III (p less than 0.05). For valve replacement, the mortality rate was 12% (10 of 81 patients) and for declotting of the prosthesis 13% (3 of 23 patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas, Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos, , Cuba )
                1727-897X
                October 2011
                : 9
                : 5
                : 501-506
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Clara Villa Clara orgnameCardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2011000500014 S1727-897X(11)00900514
                185235a6-24be-4a47-afc3-d15ffe6391e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 April 2011
                : 25 October 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                Presentaciones de Casos

                trombosis,heart valve prosthesis,mitral valve,prosthesis failure,thrombosis,prótesis valvulares cardiacas,válvula mitral,falla de prótesis

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