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      Processo saúde/doença e complexidade em epidemiologia Translated title: Health/disease process and complexity in epidemiology

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          Abstract

          O emprego da idéia de complexidade em epidemiologia serve para assinalar as crises, tanto no domínio interno da disciplina - resultante de uma cada vez mais evidente limitação de seus instrumentos conceituais (modelos e teorias) para lidar com a realidade concreta da saúde - como no domínio do contexto cultural (paradigmas, quadro epistêmico, Zeitgeist, Weltanschauung) no qual os problemas de saúde estão inscritos. Apesar de ambas as abordagens serem pertinentes, sob a ótica do sistema e do ambiente, sua separação leva a uma apreensão restrita dos atuais desafios no campo sanitário, e, portanto, insuficiente para promover a saúde e o bem-estar de indivíduos, populações e biosfera. A idéia de complexidade propõe-se a ultrapassar esta precariedade, apontando o reducionismo das dicotomias oriundas da era moderna, que tende a não estar equipado para perceber o universo composto por relações e emergências de novas propriedades ao se transitar por níveis diferenciados de organização. Além disso, discute modos de encarar os processos que ocorrem entre os seres vivos de maneira a incluir dimensões dinâmicas, evolutivas e históricas. Assim, há indícios de crise da Epidemiologia que apontam para a necessidade da complexificação de seus instrumentos prático-discursivos, de forma a viabilizar construções mais satisfatórias do processo saúde-doença.

          Translated abstract

          The use of the idea of Complexity in Epidemiology is an approach to point out either an internal disciplinary crisis, resulting from shortcomings in its conceptual instruments (theories, models) regarding health's concrete reality, or a crisis in terms of the broader cultural context (paradigms, epistemic framework, Zeitgeist, Weltanschauung) in which health issues are necessarily inserted. Although those two approaches are pertinent from a systemic and environmental standpoint, their disjunction is insufficient in dealing with the main contemporary health challenges that affect individuals, populations and the biosphere. Complexity consists of a point of view that appears to overcome this obstacle. On the one hand, it stresses the reductionism of dichotomous visions that shaped the Modern Age, generally unable to focus on a living universe made up of relations and the emergence of new properties, when we move from one level of organization to another. On the other hand, ways of dealing with living beings' interactive processes are presented. A dynamic, historical and evolutive perspective is presented as a way of looking upon the crisis in Epidemiology as a sign, pointing out the need to conceive a complex approach towards its practical discursive instruments in order to devise more suitable patterns for the Health/Disease process.

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          A Estrutura das Revoluções Científicas

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            Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research.

            Despite the widespread use of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research and health planning, little attention has been given by health scientists and practitioners to the methodological aspects of this approach. This paper reviews the major types of ecologic study designs, the analytic methods appropriate for each, the limitations of ecologic data for making causal inferences and what can be done to minimize these problems, and the relative advantages of ecologic analysis. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate the important principles and methods. A careful distinction is made between ecologic studies that generate or test etiologic hypotheses and those that evaluate the impact of intervention programs or policies (given adequate knowledge of disease etiology). Failure to recognize this difference in the conduct of ecologic studies can lead to results that are not very informative or that are misinterpreted by others.
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              The Interpretation of Cultures,

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4464
                December 1992
                : 8
                : 4
                : 379-390
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X1992000400004
                1761ba76-36eb-4109-acff-28465ee044c9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Epidemiology,Epistemology,Complexity,Epidemiologia,Epistemologia,Complexidade
                Public health
                Epidemiology, Epistemology, Complexity, Epidemiologia, Epistemologia, Complexidade

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