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      Conservation and management of terrestrial mammals in Japan: its organizational system and practices Translated title: Manejo y conservación de los mamíferos terrestres de Japón: prácticas y sistema organizacional

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          Abstract

          <sec><title>INTRODUCTION:</title><p> One hundred and one native terrestrial mammalian species, excluding Sirenia, Cetacea, Phocidae, and Otariidae, inhabit or inhabited Japan, and 51.5 % of them are endemic, most being forest dwellers. Four species, the wolf, the Okinawa flying fox, the Bonin Pipistrelle, and the Japanese river otter went extinct during the modern age. The relatively small extinction rate in Japan is probably because forest destruction has been limited. About two thirds of Japanese lands are still covered by forests (25.10/37.79 million ha; 66.4 % as of 2011 by Forestry Agency of Japanese Government). However, the number of species that are ranked high in conservation status is not small; 5, 15, and 8 species are ranked "Vulnerable" (VU), "Endangered" (EN), and "Critically endangered" (CR), respectively. The total number of species ranked in these three categories is 28, and the percentage (28.9 % = 28/97) is higher than the world standard. This situation may be caused by extensive construction of artificial forests from 1950's to 1970's, during which many natural forests were cut and transformed to man-made forests.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:</title><p> The proportion of natural forests was reduced to about 40 % of the total area of forests by 2013. The most influential laws for wildlife conservation and management in Japan are the "Act on the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" and "Wildlife Protection and Proper Hunting Act". The Amami rabbit (<italic>Pentalagus furnessi</italic>), the Bonin flying fox (<italic>Pteropus pselaphon</italic>), a subspecies of Ryukyu flying fox (<italic>Pteropus dasymallus daitoensis</italic>), and two subspecies of the leopard cat (<italic>Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis</italic>and P. b. <italic>euptilurus</italic>) are conserved under the "Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora", whereas the conservation of many endemic terrestrial species that are ranked high in conservation status are not implemented in Japanese laws. Recently many management practices have been developed for overabundant populations of the sika deer (<italic>Cervus nippon</italic>) and the wild boar (<italic>Sus scrofa</italic>) under "Wildlife Protection and Proper Hunting Act".</p></sec>

          Translated abstract

          <sec><title>INTRODUCCIÓN.</title><p> Ciento un especies de mamíferos terrestres nativos, con exclusión de Sirenia, Cetaceae, Phocidae y Otariidae, habitan o habitaron Japón, el 51.5 % de ellas son endémicas, la mayoría de ellas pertencen a especies nativas de los bosques. Cuatro especies, el lobo, el zorro volador de Okinawa, el murciélago de Bonin, y la nutria de río japonesa se extinguieron durante la edad moderna. Esta relativa baja tasa de extinción de especies en Japón es probablemente debida a que la destrucción del bosque ha sido limitada en este país. Alrededor de dos tercios del territorio japonés todavía está cubierto por bosques (25.10/37.79 millones de hectáreas, el 66.4 % a partir de 2011 de acuerdo con Agencia Forestal del Gobierno japonés). Sin embargo, el número de especies que están clasificadas bajo un estado de conservación no es pequeña; cinco especies se clasifican "vulnerable" (VU), 15 "en peligro" (EN) y ocho "En peligro crítico" (CR). El número total de especies clasificadas en estas tres categorías es de 28, y lo que representa un porcentaje del 28.9 % (= 28/97), el cual es el porcentaje de especies en categoría de conservación más alto de en comparación con el estándar mundial. Esta situación puede ser causada por una amplia construcción de bosques artificiales de 1950 a 1970, Época durante la cual muchos bosques naturales de Japón se talaron y fueron transformados a bosques artificiales.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES.</title><p> La proporción de los bosques naturales se redujo a alrededor del 40 % de la superficie total de bosques en 2013. Las leyes más influyentes para la conservación de la vida silvestre y la gestión en Japón son la "Ley sobre la Conservación de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres "y" Ley de Protección Caza Adecuada y Vida Silvestre ". El conejo de Amami (<italic>Pentalagus furnessi</italic>), el zorro volador de Bonin (<italic>Pteropus pselaphon</italic>), una subespecie zorro volador de Ryukyu (<italic>Pteropus dasymallus daitoensis</italic>), y dos subespecies de leopardo (<italic>Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis</italic>y P. b. Euptilurus) se conservan bajo "Ley sobre Conservación de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres", mientras que la conservación de muchas especies terrestres endémicas que se clasifican en altas categorías de riesgo no son consideradas en las leyes japonesas. Recientemente se han desarrollado prácticas de gestión y manejo para las poblaciones sobreabundantes, como lo son el ciervo sika (<italic>Cervus nipón</italic>) y el jabalí (<italic>Sus scrofa</italic>) bajo la "Ley de Caza Adecuada y Protección de la Fauna".</p></sec>

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            Interspecies transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus from the domestic cat to the Tsushima cat (Felis bengalensis euptilura) in the wild.

            Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was isolated from a wild-caught Tsushima cat (Felis bengalensis euptilura), an endangered Japanese nondomestic subspecies of leopard cat (F. bengalensis). Phylogenetic analysis of the env gene sequences indicated that the FIV from the Tsushima cat belonged to a cluster of subtype D FIVs from domestic cats. FIVs from both the Tsushima cat and the domestic cat showed similar levels of replication and cytopathicity in lymphoid cell lines derived from these two species. The results indicated the occurrence of interspecies transmission of FIV from the domestic cat to the Tsushima cat in the wild.
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              Evaluating the “recovery level” of endangered species without prior information before alien invasion

              For maintaining social and financial support for eradication programs of invasive species, quantitative assessment of recovery of native species or ecosystems is important because it provides a measurable parameter of success. However, setting a concrete goal for recovery is often difficult owing to lack of information prior to the introduction of invaders. Here, we present a novel approach to evaluate the achievement level of invasive predator management based on the carrying capacity of endangered species estimated using long-term monitoring data. In Amami-Oshima Island, Japan, where the eradication project of introduced small Indian mongoose is ongoing since 2000, we surveyed the population densities of four endangered species threatened by the mongoose (Amami rabbit, the Otton frog, Amami tip-nosed frog, and Amami Ishikawa's frog) at four time points ranging from 2003 to 2011. We estimated the carrying capacities of these species using the logistic growth model combined with the effects of mongoose predation and environmental heterogeneity. All species showed clear tendencies toward increasing their density in line with decreased mongoose density, and they exhibited density-dependent population growth. The estimated carrying capacities of three endangered species had small confidence intervals enough to measure recovery levels by the mongoose management. The population density of each endangered species has recovered to the level of the carrying capacity at about 20–40% of all sites, whereas no individuals were observed at more than 25% of all sites. We propose that the present approach involving appropriate monitoring data of native organism populations will be widely applicable to various eradication projects and provide unambiguous goals for management of invasive species.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                therya
                Therya
                Therya
                Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (La Paz )
                2007-3364
                April 2015
                : 6
                : 1
                : 139-153
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hokkaido University Japan
                [2 ] Tokyo University of Technology Japan
                [3 ] University of the Ryukyus Japan
                [4 ] Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute JP
                Article
                S2007-33642015000100139
                10.12933/therya-15-239
                169612d7-647a-44af-bce0-8aa93984b6bd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation
                Biology
                Veterinary Sciences
                Zoology

                General life sciences,General veterinary medicine,Animal science & Zoology
                flying fox,Amami rabbit,Leopard cat,management,Sika deer,wild boar,wildlife legislation,extinction rate,forests

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