Can grazing by elk and bison stimulate herbaceous plant productivity in semiarid ecosystems? – ScienceOpen
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      Can grazing by elk and bison stimulate herbaceous plant productivity in semiarid ecosystems?

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Ecosphere
      Wiley

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          Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review.

          Plants exposed to salt stress undergo changes in their environment. The ability of plants to tolerate salt is determined by multiple biochemical pathways that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functions, and maintain ion homeostasis. Essential pathways include those that lead to synthesis of osmotically active metabolites, specific proteins, and certain free radical scavenging enzymes that control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals or chaperones. The ability of plants to detoxify radicals under conditions of salt stress is probably the most critical requirement. Many salt-tolerant species accumulate methylated metabolites, which play crucial dual roles as osmoprotectants and as radical scavengers. Their synthesis is correlated with stress-induced enhancement of photorespiration. In this paper, plant responses to salinity stress are reviewed with emphasis on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance. This review may help in interdisciplinary studies to assess the ecological significance of salt stress.
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            The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.

            Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of life's genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5-20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.
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              Ecology of a Grazing Ecosystem: The Serengeti

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Ecosphere
                Ecosphere
                Wiley
                2150-8925
                2150-8925
                April 2022
                April 08 2022
                April 2022
                : 13
                : 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Fort Collins Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Colorado USA
                [2 ]Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
                [3 ]LZ Ecology Carson Washington USA
                [4 ]USDA–Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Fort Collins Colorado USA
                Article
                10.1002/ecs2.4025
                158b06b5-8b87-4841-9d50-37a48254b8cd
                © 2022

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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