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      Fleas of mammals and patterns of distributional congruence in northwestern Argentina: A preliminary biogeographic analysis

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          Abstract

          In few groups of parasites have the patterns of distribution been studied using quantitative methods, even though, the study of these organisms indirectly provides information on the biogeographic history of their hosts, and in turn, the history of the hosts allows elucidation of speciation events of the parasites. Our objective was to quantitatively identify distributional congruence patterns of native fleas in northwestern Argentina. We analyzed 159 georeferenced distributional records of 47 species and six subspecies of fleas in northwestern Argentina using NDM/VNDM software. We found eight consensus areas, defined by 17 species and two subspecies, included in six patterns of distributional congruence (PDCs) with endemic and non-endemic fleas. The PDCs with the greatest values of endemicity (E) were mainly associated with Monte and Yungas Forests areas. All patterns indicated strong tendency of the Yungas Forests as a possible endemism area. Our results indicate that distributional congruence centers are generally located in Yungas Forests areas and highlight the importance of these areas in conservation and historical biology. This new information will allow delimitation of areas in the region at a more detailed resolution in the future.

          Abstract

          Areas of endemism, Host, Monte, NDM/VNDM, Ectoparasites, Richness, Siphonaptera, Yungas forests, Computer science, Environmental science, Veterinary medicine, Health sciences.

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          Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation.

          Robert M. Ewers, Raphael Didham (2006)
          Habitat loss has pervasive and disruptive impacts on biodiversity in habitat remnants. The magnitude of the ecological impacts of habitat loss can be exacerbated by the spatial arrangement -- or fragmentation -- of remaining habitat. Fragmentation per se is a landscape-level phenomenon in which species that survive in habitat remnants are confronted with a modified environment of reduced area, increased isolation and novel ecological boundaries. The implications of this for individual organisms are many and varied, because species with differing life history strategies are differentially affected by habitat fragmentation. Here, we review the extensive literature on species responses to habitat fragmentation, and detail the numerous ways in which confounding factors have either masked the detection, or prevented the manifestation, of predicted fragmentation effects. Large numbers of empirical studies continue to document changes in species richness with decreasing habitat area, with positive, negative and no relationships regularly reported. The debate surrounding such widely contrasting results is beginning to be resolved by findings that the expected positive species-area relationship can be masked by matrix-derived spatial subsidies of resources to fragment-dwelling species and by the invasion of matrix-dwelling species into habitat edges. Significant advances have been made recently in our understanding of how species interactions are altered at habitat edges as a result of these changes. Interestingly, changes in biotic and abiotic parameters at edges also make ecological processes more variable than in habitat interiors. Individuals are more likely to encounter habitat edges in fragments with convoluted shapes, leading to increased turnover and variability in population size than in fragments that are compact in shape. Habitat isolation in both space and time disrupts species distribution patterns, with consequent effects on metapopulation dynamics and the genetic structure of fragment-dwelling populations. Again, the matrix habitat is a strong determinant of fragmentation effects within remnants because of its role in regulating dispersal and dispersal-related mortality, the provision of spatial subsidies and the potential mediation of edge-related microclimatic gradients. We show that confounding factors can mask many fragmentation effects. For instance, there are multiple ways in which species traits like trophic level, dispersal ability and degree of habitat specialisation influence species-level responses. The temporal scale of investigation may have a strong influence on the results of a study, with short-term crowding effects eventually giving way to long-term extinction debts. Moreover, many fragmentation effects like changes in genetic, morphological or behavioural traits of species require time to appear. By contrast, synergistic interactions of fragmentation with climate change, human-altered disturbance regimes, species interactions and other drivers of population decline may magnify the impacts of fragmentation. To conclude, we emphasise that anthropogenic fragmentation is a recent phenomenon in evolutionary time and suggest that the final, long-term impacts of habitat fragmentation may not yet have shown themselves.
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            An optimality criterion to determine areas of endemism.

            Claudia Szumik, Fabiana Cuezzo, Pablo Goloboff … (2002)
            A formal method was developed to determine areas of endemism. The study region is divided into cells, and the number of species that can be considered as endemic is counted for a given set of cells (= area). Thus, the areas with the maximum number of species considered endemic are preferred. This is the first method for the identification of areas of endemism that implements an optimality criterion directly based on considering the aspects of species distribution that are relevant to endemism. The method is implemented in two computer programs, NDM and VNDM, available from the authors.
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              Areas of endemism: an improved optimality criterion.

              Pablo Goloboff, Claudia Szumik (2004)
              The grid-based method to identify areas of endemism proposed by Szumik et al. is extended. The improvements include the ability to assign scores of endemicity to sets of disjoint areas, and to have each species contribute more to the score of endemicity of an area, or less, according to how well its distribution matches the area. The modified method also allows for partially overlapping areas; an area partially overlapping with another one of higher score is retained when the set of lower score has a minimum proportion of species endemic to it. Algorithms to evaluate areas of endemism under this criterion are discussed, and implemented in a computer program (NDM). The new algorithms allow evaluation of much larger data sets.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                M. Fernanda López-Berrizbeitia
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 08 September 2020
                Publication date Collection: September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 September 2020
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e04871
                Affiliations
                [a ]Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA), Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina (PCMA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000, Argentina
                [b ]Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
                [c ]Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
                [d ]Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX, Mexico
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. mflopezberri@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-8440(20)31714-X Publisher ID: e04871
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04871
                PMC ID: 7490545
                PubMed ID: 32964163
                SO-VID: 1537e868-f249-4016-8781-1540f72afcdc
                Copyright © © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2020
                Date revision received : 14 July 2020
                Date accepted : 4 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: areas of endemism,host,monte,ndm/vndm,ectoparasites,richness,siphonaptera,yungas forests,computer science,environmental science,veterinary medicine,health sciences
                Data availability:
                Keywords: areas of endemism, host, monte, ndm/vndm, ectoparasites, richness, siphonaptera, yungas forests, computer science, environmental science, veterinary medicine, health sciences

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