Involucre fossils of Carpinus , a northern temperate element, from the Miocene of China and the evolution of its species diversity in East Asia – ScienceOpen
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      Involucre fossils of Carpinus, a northern temperate element, from the Miocene of China and the evolution of its species diversity in East Asia

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          Abstract

          East Asia has long been recognized as a major center for temperate woody plants diversity. Although several theories have been proposed to explain how the diversity of these temperate elements accumulated in the region, the specific process remains unclear. Here we describe six species of Carpinus, a typical northern hemisphere temperate woody plant, from the early Miocene of the Maguan Basin, southwestern China, southern East Asia. This constitutes the southernmost, and the earliest occurrence that shows a high species diversity of the genus. Together with other Carpinus fossil records from East Asia, we show that the genus had achieved a high diversity in East Asia at least by the middle Miocene. Of the six species here described, three have become extinct, indicating that the genus has experienced apparent species loss during its evolutionary history in East Asia. In contrast, the remaining three species closely resemble extant species, raising the possibility that these species may have persisted in East Asia at least since the early Miocene. These findings indicate that the accumulation of species diversity of Carpinus in East Asia is a complex process involving extinction, persistence, and possible subsequent speciation.

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          Evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China

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              Identifying long-term stable refugia for relict plant species in East Asia

              Today East Asia harbors many “relict” plant species whose ranges were much larger during the Paleogene-Neogene and earlier. The ecological and climatic conditions suitable for these relict species have not been identified. Here, we map the abundance and distribution patterns of relict species, showing high abundance in the humid subtropical/warm-temperate forest regions. We further use Ecological Niche Modeling to show that these patterns align with maps of climate refugia, and we predict species’ chances of persistence given the future climatic changes expected for East Asia. By 2070, potentially suitable areas with high richness of relict species will decrease, although the areas as a whole will probably expand. We identify areas in southwestern China and northern Vietnam as long-term climatically stable refugia likely to preserve ancient lineages, highlighting areas that could be prioritized for conservation of such species.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Plant Divers
                Plant Divers
                Plant Diversity
                Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
                2096-2703
                2468-2659
                19 March 2020
                June 2020
                19 March 2020
                : 42
                : 3
                : 155-167
                Affiliations
                [a ]College of Land Resources and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, China
                [b ]CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
                [c ]Gongju National University of Education, 27, Ungjin-ro, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 32553, Republic of Korea
                [d ]Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
                [e ]College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Fax: +86 0871 5219932. jialinbo@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. taogezhang@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S2468-2659(20)30012-3
                10.1016/j.pld.2020.01.001
                7361179
                32695948
                14a5d20b-46a3-4b9a-b7aa-48355695ebd2
                © 2020 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 July 2019
                : 16 January 2020
                : 16 January 2020
                Categories
                Article

                carpinus,east asia,extinction,temperate woody plants,species diversity

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