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      Treatment for preschool age children who stutter: Protocol of a randomised, non-inferiority parallel group pragmatic trial with Mini-KIDS, social cognitive behaviour treatment and the Lidcombe Program—TreatPaCS

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          Abstract

          Stuttering is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, stretched sounds or silent pauses in which the person is unable to produce sounds and sound transitions. Treatment success is the highest if stuttering is treated before the age of 6 years, before it develops into “persistent” stuttering. Stuttering treatment programs that focus directly on the speech of the child, like the Lidcombe Program, have shown to be effective in this age group. Mini-KIDS is also a treatment that focuses directly on the speech of the child. It is possible that capturing the increased brain plasticity at this age in combination with creating optimal conditions for recovery underlie these treatments’ success rate. A treatment focusing on the cognitions, emotions and behaviour of the child, the social cognitive behaviour treatment (SCBT), is also frequently delivered in Belgium. In this study we want to compare, and collect data on the effectiveness, of these three treatment programs: Mini-KIDS, SCBT and the Lidcombe Program (protocol registered under number NCT05185726). 249 children will be allocated to one of three treatment groups. Stuttering specialists will treat the child (and guide the parents) with Mini-KIDS, the SCBT or the Lidcombe Program. They will be trained to deliver the programs meticulously. At 18 months after randomisation, the speech fluency of the child and the attitude of the child and parent(s) towards speech will be measured. It is expected that the three programs will achieve the same (near) zero levels of stuttering in nearly all children and a positive attitude towards speech at 18 months after the start of treatment. The amount of treatment hours to reach the (near) zero levels of stuttering will be compared between the different programmes. For families as well as for the health system this could generate important information.

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          Most cited references61

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          Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances.

          Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. The review is organized in six sections: (a) onset, (b) incidence, (c) prevalence, (d) developmental paths, (e) genetics and (f) subtypes. It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes. Readers will be exposed to a summary presentation of the most recent data concerning basic epidemiological factors in stuttering. Most of these factors also pertain to children's risks for experiencing stuttering onset, as well as risks for persistency. The article also aims to increase awareness of the implications of the information to research, and professional preparation that meets the epidemiology of the disorder. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            The motor theory of speech perception reviewed.

            More than 50 years after the appearance of the motor theory of speech perception, it is timely to evaluate its three main claims that (1) speech processing is special, (2) perceiving speech is perceiving gestures, and (3) the motor system is recruited for perceiving speech. We argue that to the extent that it can be evaluated, the first claim is likely false. As for the second claim, we review findings that support it and argue that although each of these findings may be explained by alternative accounts, the claim provides a single coherent account. As for the third claim, we review findings in the literature that support it at different levels of generality and argue that the claim anticipated a theme that has become widespread in cognitive science.
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              Twenty-year follow-up of children with and without speech-language impairments: family, educational, occupational, and quality of life outcomes.

              Parents, professionals, and policy makers need information on the long-term prognosis for children with communication disorders. Our primary purpose in this report was to help fill this gap by profiling the family, educational, occupational, and quality of life outcomes of young adults at 25 years of age (N = 244) from the Ottawa Language Study, a 20-year, prospective, longitudinal study of a community sample of individuals with (n = 112) and without (n = 132) a history of early speech and/or language impairments. A secondary purpose of this report was to use data from earlier phases of the study to predict important, real-life outcomes at age 25. Participants were initially identified at age 5 and subsequently followed at 12, 19, and 25 years of age. Direct assessments were conducted at all 4 time periods in multiple domains (demographic, communicative, cognitive, academic, behavioral, and psychosocial). At age 25, young adults with a history of language impairments showed poorer outcomes in multiple objective domains (communication, cognitive/academic, educational attainment, and occupational status) than their peers without early communication impairments and those with early speech-only impairments. However, those with language impairments did not differ in subjective perceptions of their quality of life from those in the other 2 groups. Objective outcomes at age 25 were predicted differentially by various combinations of multiple, interrelated risk factors, including poor language and reading skills, low family socioeconomic status, low performance IQ, and child behavior problems. Subjective well-being, however, was primarily associated with strong social networks of family, friends, and others. This information on the natural history of communication disorders may be useful in answering parents' questions, anticipating challenges that children with language disorders might encounter, and planning services to address those issues.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Project administration
                Role: Supervision
                Role: Data curation
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Project administrationRole: Validation
                Role: Validation
                Role: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 July 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 7
                : e0304212
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Research Unit for a life-Course perspective on Health and Education (RUCHE), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
                [2 ] Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
                [3 ] Clinical Trials Center, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium
                [4 ] Center of Expertise Care and Wellbeing, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
                [5 ] Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
                [6 ] Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
                PLOS: Public Library of Science, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ KC, ED, SS, KE, and AM also contributed equally to this work.

                ¶ Membership of the international Lidcombe Program Trainers’ Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3212-4882
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-7439
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-0326
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4221-2063
                Article
                PONE-D-24-11565
                10.1371/journal.pone.0304212
                11239023
                38990808
                1458b82b-4bb8-4a7a-9f32-606721a19855
                © 2024 Leclercq et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 April 2024
                : 22 April 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100019353, Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre;
                Award ID: KCE-201257
                Award Recipient : Sabine Van Eerdenbrugh
                The Belgian Health Care Knowledge Center – KCE, a governmental patient-centred organisation in Belgium, funds this trial under its program "Investigator-led trials"( https://kce.fgov.be/nl/kce-trials/calls). Additional information about this organisation will be uploaded (S5a & S5b). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Study Protocol
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Stuttering
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Developmental Neuroscience
                Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Stuttering
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Neurology
                Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Stuttering
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Otorhinolaryngology
                Laryngology
                Speech-Language Pathology
                Stuttering
                Social Sciences
                Linguistics
                Speech
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Social Sciences
                Linguistics
                Grammar
                Phonology
                Syllables
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Otorhinolaryngology
                Laryngology
                Speech-Language Pathology
                Speech Therapy
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Linear Regression Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Linear Regression Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and health sciences
                Clinical medicine
                Clinical trials
                Phase I clinical investigation
                Medicine and health sciences
                Pharmacology
                Drug research and development
                Clinical trials
                Phase I clinical investigation
                Research and analysis methods
                Clinical trials
                Phase I clinical investigation
                Custom metadata
                No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. All relevant data from this study will be made available upon study completion.

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